^ abcdefghijRice, Franklin Pierce (1899), Worcester of Eighteen Hundred and Ninety-Eight: Fifty Years A City : A Graphic Representation of Its Institutions, Industries, and Leaders, Worcester, Massachusetts: F.S. Blanchard and Company, p. 23
^ abcdDavis, William Thomas (1895), Bench and bar of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in Two Volumes, Vol. II, Boston, MA: The Boston History Company, p. 355