Perfluoroalkoxy alkane

"Perfluoroalkoxy" redirects here. This article is about specific fluoropolymers; for the broader class of fluoropolymers to which they belong, see Perfluoroether.
PFA
Line diagram of the perfluoroalkoxy monomer
Density[1] 2150 kg/m3
Flexural modulus(E) 586 MPa
Tensile strength(t) 24 MPa
Elongation at break 300%
Folding endurance No break
Notch test
Melting point 315 °C
Maximum operating temperature 260 °C
Water absorption (ASTM) <0.03 % after 24 hours
Dielectric constant (Dk) at 1MHz 2.1
Dissipation factor at 1MHz 0.0001
Arc resistance < 180 seconds
Resistivity at 50% R. H. > 1016 Ω m

Perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA) are fluoropolymers. They are copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (C2F4) and perfluoroethers (C2F3ORf, where Rf is a perfluorinated group such as trifluoromethyl (CF3)). The properties of these polymers are similar to those of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Compared to PTFE, PFA has better anti-stick properties and higher chemical resistance, at the expense of lesser scratch resistance.[2]

Properties

Unlike with PTFE, the alkoxy substituents allow the polymer to be melt-processed.[3] On a molecular level, PFA polymers have a smaller chain length and higher chain entanglement than other fluoropolymers. They also contain an oxygen atom at the branches. This results in materials that are more translucent and have improved flow and creep resistance, with thermal stability close to or exceeding PTFE.[4] Thus, PFA is preferred when extended service is required in hostile environments involving chemical, thermal, and mechanical stress. PFA offers high melt strength, stability at high processing temperatures, excellent crack and stress resistance and a low coefficient of friction.[1] Similarly enhanced processing properties are found in fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene.[5] However FEP is ten times less capable of withstanding repeated bending without fracture than PFA.[1]

Perfluoroalkoxy alkane is used to fabricate tubes to handle aggressive chemicals.

Applications

PFA is commonly used as a material for piping and as fittings for aggressive chemicals, as well as the corrosion-resistant lining of vessels in the chemical-processing industry. Typical applications include the construction of gas scrubbers, reactors, containment vessels and piping.[6] In coal-fired power plants, it is used for lining heat exchangers. By channeling crude gas through a PFA-lined apparatus, the gas stream can be cooled below its condensation temperature without damaging the heat exchanger. Its use contributes to increasing the efficiency of the whole plant.[7]

PFA is also used to make sampling equipment in analytical chemistry and for geochemical or environmental in situ studies in the field, when it is particularly important to avoid chemical contamination from metallic ions at trace levels.

Production

Common trademarks include Teflon-PFA, Hostaflon-PFA and Chemfluor.[8]

Chemours claims to be the only U.S. producer of PFA at its Fayetteville Works plant in northern Bladen County.[9]

Environmental and health risks

For the environmental and health risks of the broad class of PFAs, see Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances § Health and environmental effects.

The monomers of such perfluoroalkoxy alkane polymers, in common with other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are widespread in the environment due to human production and release of the chemicals; so durable that they are referred to as "forever chemicals"; and have detrimental health concerns not yet fully understood.[10]

In 2023, the United States EPA proposed "the first (US national) standard to limit (PFAs) in drinking water;" albeit only six of >12,000 such chemicals were addressed.[11]

At high temperatures or in a fire, fluoroelastomers decompose and may release hydrogen fluoride. Any residue must be handled using protective equipment.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "PTFE, FEP, and PFA Specifications". Boedeker Corp. 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
  2. ^ "PTFE, FEP, PFA". Menden, Germany: TechnoFinish GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  3. ^ "PFA - Perfluoralkoxy". Glossary. Heidelberg, Germany: Reichelt Chemietechnik. 2014. Retrieved July 4, 2023. PFA ist zersetzungsfrei schmelzbar, so dass der Kunststoff durch thermische Formgebungsverfahren, wie Spritzgießen, Pressen und Extrudieren, bei Arbeitstemperaturen zwischen +320 °C und +420 °C zu Halbzeugen und Serienprodukten verarbeitet werden kann.
  4. ^ "PFA Properties". Materials Overview. New Jersey, United States: Fluorotherm Polymers. February 13, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  5. ^ Siegemund, Günter; Schwertfeger, Werner; Feiring, Andrew; Smart, Bruce; Behr, Fred; Vogel, Herward; McKusick, Blaine (2002). "Fluorine Compounds, Organic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_349. ISBN 978-3527306732..
  6. ^ Dietrich Braun, für Einsteiger, Hanser, München, 2003.
  7. ^ H. Saechtling: Kunststoff Taschenbuch, Hanser Verlag, Wien 1995, ISBN 3-446-17855-4.
  8. ^ "Glossary: PFA - Perfluoralkoxy". Reichelt Chemietechnik. Retrieved 2019-06-22.
  9. ^ Sorg, Lisa (September 6, 2022). "Chemours plans to expand its Fayetteville Works plant in northern Bladen County, where the company would ramp up production of PFA, a type of perfluorinated". NC Policy Watch. The Pulse. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
  10. ^ Perkins, Tom (18 December 2021). "PFAS 'forever chemicals' constantly cycle through ground, air and water, study finds". Environment. The Guardian. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  11. ^ "Getting PFAs out of Water". Consumer Reports. Vol. 88, no. 8. July 2023. p. 5.