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Pemphredonidae
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Superfamily:	Apoidea
Family:	Pemphredonidae
Genera
	19 (see text)

Pemphredonidae is a family of aphid wasps formerly treated as the subfamily Pemphredoninae. There are 19 genera and 556 described species in the family.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Description and identification

The primary morphological distinction between the Pemphredondae and the Psenidae is that Pemphredondae never have more than two submarginal cells in their forewing while Psenidae have three submarginal cells.^[4]

Biology

The subfamily consists of solitary wasps, each genus having its own distinct and consistent prey preferences. The adult females dig tunnels in the ground, or plant material, for nesting.^[5] As with all other apoid wasps, the larvae are carnivorous; females hunt for prey on which to lay their eggs, mass provisioning the nest cells with paralyzed, living prey that the larvae feed upon after hatching from the egg.^{[citation needed]}

Taxonomy and phylogeny

As Pemphredoninae, this taxon was previously divided into four tribes: Entomosericini, Odontosphecini, Psenini, and Pemphredonini. The Pemphredonini were considered to have by far the largest number of species. Phylogenetic analyses to resolve the paraphyly of Crabronidae through erecting additional families also found the Pemphredoninae to be polyphyletic. As a result, more recent classifications treat Psenidae (comprising the former tribes Psenini and Odontosphecini) as a separate family, and sister to the newly-erected family Ammoplanidae. Ammoplanidae is also rendered as the most sister family to the bees (Anthophila). The Pemphredonidae (Pemphredonini excluding Ammoplanina) is instead sister taxon to the Philanthidae.^[2] In continued revision, Entomosericini has also been elevated to family status as Entomosericidae.^[3]

Genera

The Pemphredonidae are restricted to the former subtribes Pemphredonina, Spilomenina, and Stigmina.^[2]^[3]

Pemphredonina Dahlbom, 1835

Diodontus Curtis, 1834
Passaloecus Shuckard, 1837
Pemphredon Latreille, 1796
Polemistus de Saussure, 1892

Spilomenina Menke, 1989

Arpactophilus Smith, 1863
Microstigmus Ducke, 1907
Spilomena Shuckard, 1838
Xysma Pate, 1937

Stigmina R. Bohart & Menke, 1976

Allostigmus Melo & Naumann, 1999
Araucastigmus Finnamore, 1995
Aykhustigmus Finnamore, 1995
Carinostigmus Tsuneki, 1954
Ceratostigmus Melo & Naumann, 1999
Incastigmus Finnamore, 1995
Llaqhastigmus Finnamore, 1995
Paracrabro Turner, 1907
Parastigmus Antropov, 1992
Stigmus Panzer, 1802
Tzustigmus Finnamore, 1995

Transferred to Ammoplaninidae

10 genera of Ammoplanina now comprise the family Ammoplaninidae.^[2] This transfer includes 137 species.^[1]

Ammoplanellus Gussakovskij, 1931
Ammoplanops Gussakovskij, 1931
Ammoplanus Giraud, 1869
Ammostigmus Antropov, 2010
Mohavena Pate, 1939
Parammoplanus Pate, 1939
Protostigmus Turner, 1918
Pulverro Pate, 1937
Riparena Pate, 1939
Timberlakena Pate, 1939

Transferred to Entomosericidae

A single genus of Entomosericini now comprises the Entomosericidae.^[3] This transfer includes 3 species.^[1]

Entomosericus Dahlbom, 1845

Transferred to Psenidae

1 genus of Odontosphecini (Odontosphex) and 11 genera of Psenini now comprise the family Psenidae.^[2] This transfer includes 485 species.^[1]

Ammopsen Krombein, 1959
Deinomimesa Perkins, 1899
Lithium Finnamore, 1987
Mimesa Shuckard, 1937
Mimumesa Malloch, 1933
Nesomimesa Malloch, 1933
Odontopsen Tsuneki, 1964
Odontosphex Arnold, 1951
Pluto Pate, 1937
Psen Latreille, 1796
Pseneo Malloch, 1933
Psenulus Kohl, 1897

Transferred to Angarosphecidae

Two fossil wasp genera from the Weald Clay were originally considered to possibly be in the Pemphredoninae.^[6] They are currently classified among the 15 genera of the extinct family, Angarosphecidae.^[7]

†Archisphex Evans, 1969
†Angarosphex Rasnitsyn, 1975

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Pulawski, Wojciech J. (2024). "Catalog of Genera and Species". California Academy of Sciences Institute of Biodiversity. Retrieved 2024-08-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Sann, Manuela; Niehuis, Oliver; Peters, Ralph S.; Mayer, Christoph; Kozlov, Alexey; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Bank, Sarah; Meusemann, Karen; Misof, Bernhard; Bleidorn, Christoph; Ohl, Michael (2018). "Phylogenomic analysis of Apoidea sheds new light on the sister group of bees". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 18 (71). doi:10.1186/s12862-018-1155-8. PMC 5960199.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sann, Manuela; Meusemann, Karen; Niehuis, Oliver; Escalona, Hermes E.; Mokrousov, Mikhail; Ohl, Michael; Pauli, Thomas; Schmid-Egger, Christian (2021). "Reanalysis of the apoid wasp phylogeny with additional taxa and sequence data confirms the placement of Ammoplanidae as sister to bees". Systematic Entomology. 46 (3): 558–569. doi:10.1111/syen.12475.
^ Bohart, R.M.; Menke, A.S. (1976). Sphecid Wasps of the World: a Generic Revision. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02318-8. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
^ Sharp, David (1901) "Insects Part II: Chapter III: Hymenoptera Aculeata continued: Family Sphegidae-Crabronides: Sub-Fam. 9. Mimesides." in Harmer, S. F. and Shipley, A. E. (eds.) (1901) The Cambridge Natural History Macmillan and Co., London, p. 128 OCLC 559687
^ Jarzembowski, E.A. (1991). "New insects from the Weald Clay of the Weald". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 102 (2): 93–108. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(08)80069-7.
^ Zheng, Yan; Chen, Jun; Zhang, Haichun; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P. (2021). "New angarosphecid wasp (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Angarosphecidae) from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber". Cretaceous Research. 121. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104742.