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Peak Tram
Peak Tram
Traditional Chinese	山頂纜車
Simplified Chinese	山顶缆车
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Shāndǐng Lǎnchē
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping	saan1 deng2 laam6 ce1

Peak Tram
Peak Tram
	Sixth generation Peak Tram car approaching The Peak Terminus
Overview
Locale	Hong Kong
Transit type	Funicular railway
Number of stations	6
Daily ridership	About 17,000
Operation
Began operation	30 May 1888; 136 years ago
Operator(s)	Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels
Technical
System length	1.365 kilometres (0.848 mi)
Track gauge	1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) Russian gauge[dubious – discuss]
System map
System map
	Legend
	This diagram: view; talk; edit;

The Peak Tram is a funicular railway in Hong Kong, which carries both tourists and residents to the upper levels of Hong Kong Island. Running from Garden Road Admiralty to Victoria Peak via the Mid-Levels, it provides the most direct route and offers good views over the harbour and skyscrapers of Hong Kong. Operated since 1888, it was the first funicular railway in Asia.

The Peak Tram is owned and operated by Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels (HSH), the owner of Hong Kong's Peninsula Hotel along with other properties. The line, along with HSH's Peak Tower leisure complex at the line's summit, is promoted using the brand The Peak.^[1]^[2] After a lengthy renovation and upgrade project, the Peak Tram reopened on 27 August 2022.^[3]

Route

The Peak Tram's route from Central district to Victoria Peak covers a distance of about 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) and an elevation of just under 400 metres (1,312 ft). The line has two pronounced curves, one to the left immediately after leaving the lower terminus, and the other to the right in the upper half of the ascent. The gradient also varies considerably throughout the ascent.

The lower terminus station, Central, is located on Garden Road near St. John's Cathedral. The original station was incorporated into St. John's Building, an office tower, with the tram terminus at the ground level. The station comprises a single track, with platforms on both sides. One platform is used for boarding, the other for exiting the tram.

The upper terminus, The Peak, is located below the Peak Tower shopping and leisure complex at Victoria Gap, some 150 metres (490 ft) below the summit of Victoria Peak. The station has the same arrangement of boarding and alighting platforms as the lower terminus. The haulage and control equipment for the funicular is located in a basement below the station.

The Peak Tram is a single track funicular railway, that is, a railway where a pair of carriages act as counterweights for each other, one going up, the other down. Its passing loop is located uphill from the May Road station. The track is two rails except for an approximately 400m long section which includes the passing loop. In the downhill direction, the track transitions to three rails just before the start of the upper curve. On the straight below the upper curve it changes to a fairly short four rail section where the two carriages pass each other.^[4] The track then reverts to two rails just uphill of the May Road station - this point can be seen looking uphill from the May Road overbridge.

There are four intermediate stops, each of which is a request stop consisting of a single stepped platform and a shelter:

Kennedy Road. Located on Kennedy Road, named after Arthur Edward Kennedy, a former Governor of Hong Kong.
MacDonnell Road. Located on MacDonnell Road, named after Richard Graves MacDonnell, a former Governor of Hong Kong; the depot storing two historic cars is next to the stop.
May Road. Located on May Road, named after Francis Henry May, a former Governor of Hong Kong.
Barker Road. Located on Barker Road, named after George Digby Barker, a former military commander and acting administrator of Hong Kong.

History

In 1881, Alexander Findlay Smith first put the project of a Peak Railway into shape and presented a petition for a concession to the governor of Hong Kong. The necessary legislation was passed two years later.

Findlay Smith did not approach the project rashly. Travelling extensively in Europe and America, he made himself conversant with nearly every existing method of railway employed for mountain ascent — San Francisco, Scarborough, Rigi, Monterey, Lucerne, the Rhine, Mount Vesuvius — and returned to Hong Kong thoroughly convinced of the feasibility of his idea. The actual construction was begun in September 1885 and in May 1888 the line was officially opened.^[5]

Smith's business partner, N. J. Ede, owned and lived in the house next to the Upper Terminus, originally named Dunheved, which they converted into the original Peak Hotel.

It took three years to build the Peak Tram. Most of the heavy equipment and rails needed for the construction were hauled uphill by the workers with no mechanical support.^[6] As a revolutionary new form of transport for Asia at the time, the tramway was considered a marvel of engineering upon its completion.^[6] A wooden structure was built for the terminal.^[6] According to photographs, the Garden Road terminus was originally an unadorned building, a large clock face was added to the edifice probably between the 1910s and 1920s.

The Peak Tram was opened for public service on 28 May 1888 by the then governor Sir George William des Voeux.^[6] As built, the line used a static steam engine to power the haulage cable. It was at first used only for residents of Victoria Peak. Despite that, it carried 800 passengers on its first day of operation, and about 150,000 in its first year,^[6] transported in the line's original wooden-bodied cars.^[7] The tram's existence accelerated the residential development of Victoria Peak and the Mid-Levels.

From its opening in 1888 until 1926, the Peak Tram divided into three classes:

First Class: British colonial officials and residents of Victoria Peak
Second Class: British military and Hong Kong Police Force personnel
Third Class: Other people and animals

The initial round trip charges, HKD 30 cents (First Class), 20 cents (Second Class) and 10 cents (Third Class),^[7] had risen 50 per cent by 1926.^{[citation needed]}

From 1908 to 1949, the first two seats in the front of the tram were reserved for the governor of Hong Kong, to which was attached a bronze plaque reading: "This seat is reserved for His Excellency the Governor". The seats were not available to ordinary passengers until two minutes before departure.

In the course of its history, the tram has been a victim of two natural disasters, caused by floods from heavy rainfall, which washed away steep sections of the track between Bowen Road and Kennedy Road. The first was in 1899, and the second occurred on 12 June 1966.^[6]

In 1926, the steam engine was replaced by an electric motor. On 11 December 1941, during the Battle of Hong Kong, the engine room was damaged in an attack. Services were not resumed until 25 December 1945, after the end of the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong.^[7]

In 1956, the Peak Tram was equipped with a new generation of lightweight metal-bodied cars, each of which seated 62 passengers. Unusually for a funicular line, three such cars were provided, only two of which were in use at any one time. The third spare car was kept in a car shed near the Kennedy Road station.^[7]

The system was comprehensively rebuilt in 1989 by the Swiss company, Von Roll, with a new track, a computerized control system, and two new two-car trams with a capacity of 120 passengers per tram. By the time of the handover in 1997, the system carried some 2 million passengers annually.^[6] Today, more than 4 million people ride the Peak Tram annually, or an average of over 11,000 every day.^[7]

Of prior rolling stock, only two 1956 fourth generation all-aluminium cars and one 1989 fifth generation car survive. Two cars, one from both previous generations, can be seen on a disused spur track that led to the former tram depot near the Kennedy Road station. An additional fourth generation car is displayed near the upper terminal, now serving as a Tourism Board Information Center. None of the cars from the first three generations exist, but a replica of the first car is displayed in the Peak Tram Historical Gallery.

The Peak Tram Upgrade Project

Fifth generation (above) and sixth generation (below) trams

In view of the continuous increase in the number of tourists visiting Hong Kong, passenger usage of the tram was increasing by more than one digit percentage every year, especially on Sundays and public holidays. It was taking at least two hours to board; passenger demand far exceeded capacity. By 2012, average daily passenger usage reached 12,000, of which around 90% were tourists. At that period, Peak Tramways Company Limited hired a consultant to study how to improve the Peak Tram terminal and facilities to increase the available space, also considering re-laying tracks and to renovate the cable car cabins to increase the passenger capacity.

At the end of 2015, Peak Tramways Company Limited's right to operate the Peak Tram expired. In the same year, it stated that it planned to spend about HK$684 million to launch a development plan to upgrade the Peak Tram system and improve existing facilities. It was implemented in phases and to be completed in 4 to 5 years. The development plan included:^[8]

Purchasing new trams to increase the passenger capacity of the Peak Tram from 120 to 210 passengers per trip, which will greatly reduce the waiting time for passengers by approximately 75–91%
Extend the Garden Road tram station and build the platform about 70 metres (230 ft) uphill, after arriving at the "Red Brick House" in the WWF Central Visitor Center, providing a covered, temperature-controlled and comfortable waiting area for queuing, as well as providing a moderate amount of entertainment (such as historical exhibits on the Peak Tram) for approximately 1,300 waiting passengers
Refurbishment of the upper platform of the Peak Tram Station, including widening the boarding platform; increasing the number of gates and ticket counters, and setting up a larger waiting area in front of the ticket office
More effective crowd monitoring to ensure the safety of tourists, employees and pedestrians
Further enhancement of the image of the Peak Tram and maintaining the status of the tram as an important tourism and leisure facility

The project was expected to be completed in 2021, during which the construction was divided into two phases. The first phase, which lasted from April 23, 2019, saw the Peak Tram being suspended for 2 to 3 months. The maintenance plan included the extension of the Peak Terminus and Garden Road Terminus, which was completed on July 22 of the same year. After the completion of the first phase of the project, the Peak Tram service was resumed for about 12 to 15 months. During this period, due to the expansion and renovation of the Garden Road Terminus, passengers used the temporary platform and queue outside the station.

The Second phase began on June 28, 2021, with the closure of the line. New tram carriages were installed, with longer bodies, and passenger capacity increased from 120 to 210. At the same time, power and towing systems, rail, control and signal systems and cables were replaced, and the renovation of the Peak Terminus and the Garden Road Terminus were complete, with the expansion of the former to cater for the new and larger tram carriage.^[9]

The project improved the waiting environment, replaced tracks, improved foundations, cable car bridges and other structures. The government stated that the entire development plan invested more than 700 million Hong Kong dollars.^[10] Final project costs were $799m HKD (£87m). After a closure of 14 months, the tram was reopened on 27 August 2022, though tourist numbers in Hong Kong are a fraction of their pre-COVID levels.^[11]

Statistics

The Peak Tram is a funicular railway, with the following technical parameters:^[12]

Length: 1,364 metres (4,475 ft)
Height: 28 metres (92 ft) to 396 metres (1,299 ft)
Maximum Steepness: 48%
Track Gradient: 4–27 degrees
Cars: 2 two-car train sets
Car Builder: CWA,^[13] Switzerland
Capacity: 210 passengers per train set
Configuration: Single track with passing loop
Journey time: average 5 minutes
Maximum speed: 6 metres per second (19.69 ft/s; 13.42 mph)
Track gauge: 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) Russian gauge
Traction: Electric

No. 1 Lugard Road

The building at No. 1 Lugard Road, located next to the Peak Tower and The Peak Lookout, was built about 1927 by The Peak Tramways Co. Ltd. as a workshop, with an additional floor added in 1953 to provide a flat for the General Manager of Company. The building is still owned and used by the Peak Tramways Company.^[14] It is a Grade III historic building since 2010.^[15]