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Hannyngton's Apollo
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Papilionidae
Genus:	Parnassius
Species:	P. hannyngtoni
Binomial name
	Parnassius hannyngtoni; Avinoff, 1916

Parnassius hannyngtoni, the Hannyngton's Apollo, is a high-altitude butterfly which is found in India. It is a member of the snow Apollo genus (Parnassius) of the swallowtail family (Papilionidae). Some sources also spell the name as P. hunnygtoni. It is named after Frank Hannyngton who obtained the specimen from the Chumbi Valley.

Range

Northern slope of central Himalaya (Tibet). Previously known from the Chumbi Valley, northern part of India (Sikkim) which currently is occupied by China. It may be in Bhutan.

Fig 1 male, fig 2 female, fig 3 female underside

Description

Original description by Andrey Avinoff:

I received this wonderful new species through the kindness of Mr. Hunnyngton, in honour of whom I have named this minute Parnassius. It comes from high elevations near the Chumbi Valley, South Tibet. Apparently this new species belongs to the acco-group, as may be seen by the corneous bag sphragis of the female and the characteristic white scaled veins of the slightly pinkish surface of the underside of the secondaries. Their pattern is very peculiar here, as seen by the figure. Especially conspicuous is the curved band of markings in the wing of the female. In the male this curved band of markings on the underside is incomplete. It is especially the three patches in the interspaces 2—5 and on that are marked the red scales lacking entirely on this species in both sexes on both surfaces. The inner outline of the basal dark part is parallel to the inner margin. A dark crescent in the cell seems to be formed by modified black outlines of the obliterated basal and anal red eyelets. The latter row of dark lunulae is similar to these markings of acco. The comparison of the dark basal area of hunnyngtoni and acco shows the former is very different as in the latter species this area has an irregular contour near the central cell. The upperside of the male presents a very strong reduction of dark markings compared with acco. There are three dark markings in the discocellular, and merely rudiments of the semi-transparent fuscous bands at the costal margin. The hindwing has no central markings at all, the whole pattern consisting of the submarginal lunulae on the black basal area. The markings in interspaces 5 and 7 are slightly seen on the upper surface, due to the transparency of the wing. The female has more developed dark markings. The two dark patches of the secondaries corresponding to the usual red eyelets are not large and stripe-like. The markings between them forming an uninterrupted curved band are seen only by transmitted light. The size of this species hardly reaches that of the smaller Parnassius simo forms. The cilia are very long and of the whitish ground-colour of the wings.The antennae are yellowish grey, gradually darkening at the extremity. The legs are pinkish. The corneous pouch of the female, being of the general shape and formation of that of acco is comparatively shorter and does not reach so far in surrounding the upper part of the body.^[1]

Status

This species is very rare and is protected by law in India.

References

^ Avinoff, A. (1916) Some new forms of Parnassius (Lepidoptera Rhopalocera)., Avinoff, A. (1916) Some new forms of Parnassius (Lepidoptera Rhopalocera). The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1915 (3/4): 351-360; pls. 52-54.

Collins, N. Mark; Morris, Michael G. (1985). Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book. Gland & Cambridge: IUCN. ISBN 978-2-88032-603-6 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Evans, W.H. (1932). The Identification of Indian Butterflies (2nd ed.). Mumbai, India: Bombay Natural History Society.
Haribal, Meena (1992). The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and Their Natural History. Gangtok, Sikkim, India: Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation.
Sakai S., Inaoka S., Toshiaki A., Yamaguchi S., Watanabe Y., (2002) The Parnassiology. The Parnassius Butterflies, A Study in Evolution, Kodansha, Japan. ISBN 4-06-124051-X
Weiss Jean-Claude, (1999) Parnassiinae of the World, Hillside Books, Canterbury, UK. ISBN 0-9532240-2-3, OCLC 41072974