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P-1
Role	Sport biplane
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Parks Aircraft Division, Parks Air Lines, Parks Air College
Introduction	1929
Number built	45
Developed from	Kreider-Reisner Challenger

The Parks P-1 was an American three-seat sport biplane that was built in the late 1920s.^[1]

Design and development

Based in St.Louis, pilot, salesman and entrepreneur Oliver Parks founded an air school, airline and aircraft manufacturing business shortly after Lindbergh's 1927 transatlantic flight. Parks bought the rights to the Kreider-Reisner Challenger C-2 and modified it with a chin radiator. The P-1 was built in a new facility in Cahokia, Illinois.^[2]

The P-1 was a tandem seat, open cockpit biplane with conventional landing gear. The fuselage was constructed of welded steel tubing with aircraft fabric covering.

Operational history

The P-1 was both sold as a commercial aircraft and placed into service as a trainer at Parks Air College. Although the OX-5 engine was out of production since 1917, there were still enough war surplus engines available at low enough cost to justify installing them on the 1929 design. This made the P-1 the last new aircraft produced using the outdated engine.^[3] Parks located his engines by sending out his associate, Joeseph Wecker, to buy OX-5 engines from flight schools in the region. Production ended at number 45, before the onset of the Great Depression and the temporary takeover of the company by the Detroit Aircraft Corporation.^[4]

While part of the Detroit Aircraft Corporation, one experimental P-1 (X289W) was modified with a faired in, tail mounted, all-plane parachute. It was filmed in a live deployment for Paramount Sound News. The 60 ft diameter Russell parachute was designed to hold 2600 to 3000 lbs. A secondary 24 ft diameter parachute was installed for the pilot.

One P-1 has been restored and displayed at the EAA airshow at Oshkosh, Wisconsin winning the award for outstanding open cockpit aircraft in 1992.^[5]

Variants

Parks P-1: 45 units built, Kreider-Reisner Challenger C-2 copy but with chin radiator.
Parks P-1H: Powered by a 100hp Kinner K-5, received ATC on 23 November 1932.^[6] 7 aircraft modified as the Hammond 100 Sportster.
Parks P-1T: Powered by a 115hp Milwaukee Tank engine.
Parks P-1X: Three-seater with a 90hp Curtiss OX-5 engine.

Specifications (Parks P-1)

Data from Specifications of American Commercial Airplanes^[7]

General characteristics

Crew: 1
Capacity: 2 passengers
Length: 24 ft 7 in (7.49 m)
Wingspan: 29 ft 8 in (9.04 m)
Height: 9 ft 4 in (2.84 m)
Wing area: 290 sq ft (27 m²)
Empty weight: 1,311 lb (595 kg)
Gross weight: 2,078 lb (943 kg)
Fuel capacity: 35 US gal (29 imp gal; 130 L)
Powerplant: 1 × Curtiss OX-5 water-cooled V8 engine, 90 hp (67 kW)

Performance

Maximum speed: 102 mph (164 km/h, 89 kn)
Cruise speed: 90 mph (140 km/h, 78 kn)
Range: 305 mi (491 km, 265 nmi)
Service ceiling: 11,000 ft (3,400 m)
Rate of climb: 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s)

References

Citations

^ Aerospace Industries Association of America, Manufacturers Aircraft Association, Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of America (1929). Aircraft year book.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Parks P-1, 1929". Advert. Flying. Vol. 72, no. 5. May 1963. p. 89.
^ "The OX-5 Era". Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ Barnes Warnock McCormick, Conrad F. Newberry, Eric Jumper, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Aerospace engineering education during the first century of flight. p. 822.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Parks P-1". Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Hammond 100". Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ Aviation March 22, 1930, pp. 606, 608, 610