Padrão

Not to be confused with Padroado.
Replica of a padrão placed by Diogo Cão on Cape Cross, Namibia.

A padrão (Portuguese pronunciation: [pɐˈðɾɐ̃w], standard; plural: padrões) is a stone pillar left by Portuguese maritime explorers in the 15th and 16th centuries to record significant landfalls and thereby establish primacy and possession. They were often placed on promontories and capes or at the mouths of major rivers. Early markers were simple wooden pillars or crosses but they deteriorated quickly in the tropical climate where they were often erected.[1] Later, padrões were carved from stone in the form of a pillar surmounted by a cross and the royal coat of arms.[2]

History

Diogo Cão was the first to place stone padrões on his voyage of discovery along the coast of Africa in 1482–1484.[3] They had been carved ahead of time in Portugal and carried in his ship at the behest of King João II. Cão placed the pillars at points in what is now Gabon, Angola and Namibia. The first was installed at the mouth of the river Congo.[4] In August 1483 he erected one on the headlands of Angola at Cabo Negro with the inscription:

In the era of 6681 years from the creation of the world, 1482 years since the birth of Our Lord Jesus, the most High and Excellent and Mighty Prince, King D. João II of Portugal, sent Diogo Cão squire of his House to discover this land and place these pillars.[5]

Subsequent excavations and surveys, particularly by Eric Axelson in the 1950s, located the remains of a number of the padrões. Some of the crosses were fragmentary, but could be identified from their use of Portuguese limestone.[6]

Limestone cross on the Vasco da Gama Pillar in Malindi displaying the coat of arms of Portugal

In 1498 Vasco da Gama erected a padrão at Malindi in East Africa before setting across the Indian Ocean to Calicut. This is known today as the Vasco da Gama Pillar and includes the original cross, made from Portuguese limestone.

In 1522 the Portuguese mariner Henrique Leme negotiated a treaty with the Sunda Kingdom and in commemoration he raised a padrão at the kingdom's main port, Sunda Kalapa, now part of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Luso Sundanese padrão was rediscovered in 1918 and is exhibited at the National Museum of Indonesia.[7]

The erection of a padrão on the mouth of Zaire River, drawing by Alfredo Roque Gameiro

Other notable explorers known to have erected padrões include Pero da Covilhã, Bartolomeu Dias, Goncalo Coelho and Jorge Álvares.[8]

The Lisbon Geographic Society managed to restore in the 20th century three padrões erected by Diogo Cão and one by Bartolomeu Dias.

At the Dias Cross Memorial on the coast of South Africa's Eastern Cape province, there is a padrão replica on a promontory at what is now known as Kwaaihoek; it was placed by Bartolomeu Dias in 1488 to mark the site of his most easterly landfall after becoming the first European navigator to round the Cape of Good Hope. The original padrão was discovered by Eric Axelson in the 1930s – it had fallen, or was pushed, off the top of Kwaaihoek, and was in pieces in the gullies below. Axelson recovered these pieces and was able to reconstruct the stone monument; the reconstructed original now stands in the William Cullen Library of the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg.[9]

List of padrões

N° Country City Year Explorer Original Coordinates Picture
01  Angola Soyo, Ponta do Padrao (south bank of Congo River mouth); Sao Jorge pillar. 1482 Diogo Cão Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa 6°04′34″S 12°19′56″E / 6.076099°S 12.332271°E / -6.076099; 12.332271
02  Angola Cabo do Lobo, Santo Agostinho pillar. 1483, 28 August Diogo Cão ? 13°25′07″S 12°32′00″E / 13.418611°S 12.533333°E / -13.418611; 12.533333
03  Angola Cabo Negro, Monte Negro pillar 1486, 18 January Diogo Cão ? 15°42′S 12°00′E / 15.7°S 12°E / -15.7; 12
04  Namibia Cape Cross, Cabo dp Padrao pillar. 1486 Diogo Cão ? 21°46′22″S 13°57′03″E / 21.772777°S 13.9508333°E / -21.772777; 13.9508333
05  South Africa Kwaaihoek, Sao Gregorio pillar 1488, 12 March Bartholomew Dias William Cullen Library, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. 33°42′13″S 26°38′44″E / 33.7035°S 26.6455°E / -33.7035; 26.6455
06  South Africa Cape of Good Hope, Sao Filipe pillar 1488, 6 June Bartholomew Dias ? 34°21′29″S 18°28′20″E / 34.3579413°S 18.4723393°E / -34.3579413; 18.4723393
07  Namibia Dias Point, Lüderitz Bay, Santiago pillar 1488, 25 June Bartholomew Dias ? 26°38′11″S 15°05′35″E / 26.63652°S 15.09297°E / -26.63652; 15.09297
08  Kenya Malindi 1498 Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama Pillar, Malindi 3°13′26″S 40°07′47″E / 3.22395°S 40.12965°E / -3.22395; 40.12965

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Padrões.

References

Notes

Citations

  1. ^ Bell 1975
  2. ^ Russell-Wood 1998
  3. ^ Russell-Wood 1998
  4. ^ Bell 1975
  5. ^ Crowley 2015
  6. ^ Eric Axelson, ‘Prince Henry the Navigator and the Discovery of the Sea Route to India’, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 127, No. 2 (1961), pp. 150-151
  7. ^ Gunn 2011
  8. ^ Russell-Wood 1998
  9. ^ McLachlan 2013

Sources

  • Axelson, Eric (1961). "Prince Henry the Navigator and the Discovery of the Sea Route to India". The Geographical Journal. 127 (2): 145–155. doi:10.2307/1792890. ISSN 0016-7398.
  • Bell, Christopher (1974). Portugal and the Quest for the Indies. New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 9780064903523.
  • Crowley, Roger (2015). Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire. New York: Random House. ISBN 9780812994001.
  • Gunn, Geoffrey C. (2011). History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800. Hong Kong University Press.
  • McLachlan, Gavin (2013). "Bartolomeu Dias Cross - Replica". Artefacts.
  • Ravenstein, E. G. (1900). "The Voyages of Diogo Cão and Bartholomeu Dias, 1482-88". The Geographical Journal. 16 (6): 625–655. doi:10.2307/1775267. hdl:2027/mdp.39015050934820. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 1775267.
  • Russell-Wood, A. J. R. (1998). The Portuguese Empire, 1415-1808. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801859557.