Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska

Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska
	Athena I vehicle with Kodiak Star mission outside the Launch Service Structure in 2001
Location	Kodiak Island, Alaska; United States
Coordinates	57°26′07″N 152°20′24″W / 57.43528°N 152.34000°W
Operator	Alaska Aerospace Corporation (Government of Alaska)
Launches
Launch history
Launches	31
First launch	6 November 1998
Last launch	10 January 2023
Associated; rockets	Athena I, Minotaur IV, Astra Rocket, RS1
Launch Pad 1 launch history
Launches	4
First launch	30 September 2001; Athena I
Last launch	21 October 2021; Unknown
Associated; rockets	Athena I; Minotaur IV
Launch Pad 3B launch history
Launches	5
First launch	12 September 2020; Rocket 3.0
Last launch	15 March 2022; Rocket 3.3
Associated; rockets	Rocket 3
Launch Pad 3C launch history
Launches	1
First launch	10 January 2023; RS1
Associated; rockets	RS1

The Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska (PSCA), formerly known as the Kodiak Launch Complex (KLC), is a dual-use commercial and military spaceport for sub-orbital and orbital launch vehicles.^[1] The facility is owned and operated by the Alaska Aerospace Corporation, a corporation owned by the Government of Alaska,^[2]^[3] and is located on Kodiak Island in Alaska.

The spaceport opened in 1998 and has supported 31 (up to January 2023) launches, most of those for the U.S. government. The site was closed for two years following a launch failure that caused significant damage to parts of the spaceport. It reopened in August 2016.

History

Following the incorporation of the Alaska Aerospace Development Corporation in 1991 by the Alaska state legislature, plans were begun for the spaceport, known during development as the Alaska Orbital Launch Complex. Construction on the site began in January 1998, and the first launch took place in August 1998 from temporary accommodations at the site.^[4]

After a launch failure in August 2014 damaged the launch tower, payload processing facility and integrated processing facility,^[5] Alaska Aerospace made plans to repair and upgrade the facilities to support larger rockets, but Governor Bill Walker stopped work in December 2014 as part of an order to address a state budget shortfall.^[6] Repairs to the facility were funded by state insurance at a cost of US$26–29 million.^[7] During efforts to repair the facilities, the spaceport was formally renamed to "Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska" in an announcement made on 14 April 2015.^[8] The facility was formally re-dedicated on 13 August 2016, to celebrate the completion of repairs.^[1]

In mid-2016, the Alaska Aerospace Corporation "signed a multi-year contract with the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) for multiple launches from the PSCA through 2021". The arrangement includes a sole-source contract for two flight tests of the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system. Two private companies, Rocket Lab and Vector Space Systems, were considering using the spaceport for commercial launches as early as 2019.^[1] Another private company, Eclipse Orbital, was working with the Alaska Aerospace Corporation to prepare for flight operations of their "Corona" launch vehicle in 2020. As of 2022, however, none of these companies have launched anything from Alaska.

Indian private space company Agnikul Cosmos signed a memorandum of agreement with Alaska Aerospace Corporation to test launch their Agnibaan rocket from the Pacific Spaceport Complex. The launch from Alaska was expected to take place from 2022 onwards. Under the agreement, Alaska Aerospace and AgniKul will work together to secure several regulatory approvals including US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) launch licensing, US export control, and will comply with export laws & regulations in India to receive necessary clearances from the Indian authorities as well. The aim is to define launch vehicle-spaceport interfaces, related procedures and conduct at least one test launch from PSCA.^[9]

On 19 November 2021, Astra's LV0007 rocket achieved orbit from the Pacific Spaceport Complex.^[10]

Launch facilities

The Kodiak spaceport has two launch pads with a mission control center that includes 64 workstations with high-speed communications and data links. There is a clean room for preparing satellites for launch, a fully enclosed 17-story-tall rocket assembly building and two independent range and telemetry systems. The complex sits on 3,700 acres (15 km²) of state-owned land. Launch pad 1 is designed for orbital launches, while launch pad 2 is intended for sub-orbital launches.^[3]

In 2010, Alaska Aerospace Corp. developed a concept plan for a third launch pad, which would allow the facility to support quick launches of satellites: under 24 hours to launch from "go ahead".^[3]^{[needs update]}

Launch history

The first orbital launch from the PSCA was an Athena I rocket which carried out the Kodiak Star mission for NASA and the Space Test Program, launching Starshine 3, Sapphire, PCSat, and PICOSatS on 30 September 2001.^[11]

Launches from Kodiak Launch Complex
No.	Date (UTC)	Vehicle	Payload	Pad	Orbital/Suborbital	Result	Remarks
1	6 November 1998 01:32	First stage: Aerojet SR-19-AJ-1 Second stage: Hercules M57A1	ait-1^[12]	LP-2	Suborbital	Success^[13]	Mission for the U.S. Air Force. Carried various experiments and instruments, including a "Global Positioning System antenna, Honeywell GPS Measure Unit, Electromagnetic Radio Tornography experiment, Langmuir probe and an Air Force nosetip".^[13]
2	15 September 1999 21:00^[14]	First stage: Castor 4B Second stage: Hercules M57A1	ait-2^[15]^[16]	LP-2	Suborbital	Success^[17]	Mission for the U.S. Air Force. Carried various experiments and instruments, including a Langmuir probe, the Boston Rocket Ionospheric Tomography Experiment, an interceptor seeker, and calibration equipment.^[15]
3	22 March 2001^[18]	Aries 47^[19]	QRLV-1	LP-2	Suborbital	Success^[18]	Mission for the U.S. Air Force.
4	30 September 2001 02:40^[11]	Athena I (LM-001)	Starshine 3 SAPPHIRE PCSat PicoSAT	LP-1	Orbital	Success	Kodiak Star mission for Lockheed/NASA; first orbital launch from Kodiak.
5	9 November 2001 18:12	Polaris A-3 STARS-1^[20]		LP-2	Suborbital	Failure	West Coast Risk-Reduction Flight (WCRRF) for the U.S. Army.^[20] Rocket exploded 56 seconds after launch.^[5]
6	24 April 2002^[21]	Aries 49^[19]	QRLV-2	LP-2	Suborbital	Success^[21]	Mission for the U.S. Air Force.
7	15 December 2004 04:45^[22]	Polaris A-3 STARS-1^[20]		LP-2	Suborbital	Failure	IFT-13c mission for Missile Defense Agency (MDA). Target successfully launched from Kodiak, but interceptor failed to launch from Kwajalein.
8	14 February 2005 06:22^[22]	Polaris A-3 STARS-1^[20]		LP-2	Suborbital	Failure	IFT-14 mission for MDA. Target successfully launched from Kodiak, but interceptor failed to launch from Kwajalein.
9	23 February 2006 16:09	Polaris A-3 STARS-1^[20]		LP-2	Suborbital	Success	FTX-01 mission for MDA.
10	1 September 2006 17:22	Polaris A-3 STARS-1^[20]		LP-2	Suborbital	Success	FTG-02 mission for MDA. Both the target at Kodiak and interceptor at Kwajalein successfully launched.^[23]
11	25 May 2007 14:15	Polaris A-3 STARS-1^[20]		LP-2	Suborbital	Failure	FTG-03 mission for MDA. Target missile from Kodiak flew off course and interceptor was not launched.
12	28 September 2007 20:01	Polaris A-3 STARS-1^[20]		LP-2	Suborbital	Success	FTG-03a mission for MDA. Successful intercept.
13	18 July 2008 22:47^[24]	Polaris A-3 STARS-1^[20]		LP-2	Suborbital	Success	FTX-03 mission for MDA. Target launched from Kodiak was tracked by land-based, sea-based and space-based tracking systems. Navy and Air Force units simulated interceptor shootdowns.^[25]
14	5 December 2008 20:04	Polaris A-3 STARS-1^[20]		LP-2	Suborbital	Success	FTG-05 mission for MDA. Successful intercept of a target launched from Kodiak by an interceptor launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base.^[26]
15	20 November 2010 01:25^[27]	Minotaur IV	STPSAT-2 FASTRAC-A FASTRAC-B FalconSat-5 FASTSAT O/OREOS RAX NanoSail-D2	LP-1	Orbital	Success	STP-S26 mission for the U.S. Air Force. Included a Hydrazine Auxiliary Propulsion System (HAPS) to move vehicle to a secondary orbit after ejecting payloads.
16	27 September 2011 15:49^[28]	Minotaur IV+	TacSat-4	LP-1	Orbital	Success	Mission for the U.S. Air Force.
17	25 August 2014 ~08:00	Polaris STARS IV^[29]	Advanced Hypersonic Weapon	LP-2	Suborbital	Failure	Flight Test 2 for the U.S. Army's AHW program. Flight terminated by range safety four seconds after launch due to rocket anomaly.^[5]^[30] Kodiak's LP-1 launch tower, payload processing facility, and integrated processing facility suffered damage due to the termination.^[5]
18	June 2017	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Suborbital	Unknown	FTT-18 mission for the MDA^[31]
19	July 2017	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Suborbital	Unknown	FET-01 mission for the MDA^[31]
20	20 July 2018	Astra Rocket 1.0	Unknown	LP-2	Suborbital	Failure	P120 mission for a commercial sponsor^[31] Astra
21	29 November 2018	Astra Rocket 2.0	Unknown	LP-2	Suborbital	Failure	Private commercial mission ^[32] for Astra
22	26 July 2019	Arrow III		LP-2	Suborbital	Success	In a joint Israeli-American test conducted by the Israeli Air Force and Missile Defense Agency, the Arrow 3 system successfully intercepted 3 "enemy" rockets, one of them outside the atmosphere. The tests demonstrated Arrow 3's ability to intercept exo-atmospheric targets.^[33]^[34]
23	26 July 2019	Arrow III		LP-2	Suborbital	Success	In a joint Israeli-American test conducted by the Israeli Air Force and Missile Defense Agency, the Arrow 3 system successfully intercepted 3 "enemy" rockets, one of them outside the atmosphere. The tests demonstrated Arrow 3's ability to intercept exo-atmospheric targets.^[33]^[34]
24	26 July 2019	Arrow III		LP-2	Suborbital	Success	In a joint Israeli-American test conducted by the Israeli Air Force and Missile Defense Agency, the Arrow 3 system successfully intercepted 3 "enemy" rockets, one of them outside the atmosphere. The tests demonstrated Arrow 3's ability to intercept exo-atmospheric targets.^[33]^[34]
25	12 September 2020 03:19	Rocket 3		LP-3B^[35]	Orbital	Failure	First test mission for the Astra Rocket 3.^[36]
26	15 December 2020 20:55	Rocket 3		LP-3B	Orbital	Failure	Second test mission for the Astra Rocket 3, reaching all planned objectives (count and liftoff; reaching Max Q; nominal first-stage engine cutoff) but not making it into orbit.^[37]
27	28 August 2021 22:35	Rocket 3	STP-27AD1	LP-3B	Orbital	Failure	First commercial Rocket 3 launch, and first of two demonstration launches for the U.S. Space Force. The rocket was terminated at main engine cut-off due to anomalies during flight.^[38]
28	21 October 2021	Unknown	FT-3	LP-1	Suborbital	Failure	Hypersonic Flight Test-3. Launch failed due to booster failure.^[39]
29	20 November 2021 06:16	Rocket 3	STP-27AD2	LP-3B	Orbital	Success	Second of two demonstration launches for the U.S. Space Force and first Rocket 3 successful launch.^[10]
30	15 March 2022 16:22	Rocket 3	S4 CROSSOVER, OreSat0, SpaceBEE × 16	LP-3B	Orbital	Success	S4 CROSSOVER remained attached to the second stage, which was intended.^[40]
31	10 January 2023 23:27	RS1	VariSat-1A, 1B	LP-3C	Orbital	Failure	Maiden flight of RS1 and first launch from LP-3C. The launch resulted in a failure.^[41]

Additional sources: Center for Defense Information,^[42] Missile Defense Agency^[43]

The list above contains all launches, orbital and suborbital, up to January 2023.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Chambers, George (25 August 2016). "Kodiak Island spaceport reopens following 2014 launch failure". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
^ "History and Organization". Alaska Aerospace Corporation. 2009. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Kodiak Readies for Quick Launch". Aviation Week. April 2010. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
^ Waite, Arthur C.; DeLuna, Alan T. (2012). Kodiak Launch Complex (KLC) – aka – Alaska Orbital Launch Complex (AOLC) History and Lessons (PDF). SpaceOps 2012. 11–15 June 2012. Stockholm, Sweden. doi:10.2514/6.2012-1295313. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Mauer, Richard; Andrews, Laurel (25 August 2014). "Army rocket blown up during failed launch in Kodiak". Alaska Dispatch News. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
^ Brooks, James; Griffiths, Melissa (28 December 2014). "Gov. Walker halts megaprojects". Juneau Empire. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
^ Toldanes, Roni (20 April 2015). "'Pacific Spaceport Complex Alaska' courts new customers". Alaska Dispatch News. Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
^ "Name change announced for rocket launch complex on Kodiak". Alaska Dispatch News. Associated Press. 14 April 2015. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
^ "Agnibaan rocket by Indian start-up to be test launched from Alaska, USA". WION. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
^ ^a ^b Burghardt, Thomas (20 November 2021). "Astra successfully makes orbit on fourth attempt". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Kodiak Star – Kodiak Island Video Feeds". NASA. 29 September 2001. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Krebs, Gunter. "SR-19 M-57A1". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
^ ^a ^b Inaba, Amy (6 November 1998). "Kodiak Launch: A Success" (Press release). Congressman Don Young. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Bowles, Ann E. (5 September 2000). Potential Impact of USAF atmospheric interceptor technology (ait) Launches from the Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Island, Alaska (Report). Defense Technical Information Center. p. 12. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
^ ^a ^b Williamson, Richard (10 September 1999). "AIT-2 rocket set for Kodiak launch". Astro News. Archived from the original on 25 November 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013 – via FAS.org.
^ Krebs, Gunter. "Castor-4B M-57A". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
^ "A Diversified, Sustainable Aerospace Industry for Alaska Strategic Plan 2011-2016" (PDF). Alaska Aerospace Corporation. 20 April 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
^ ^a ^b "State of Alaska: FY2003 Governor's Operating Budget" (PDF). Alaska Office of Management & Budget. 18 December 2001. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2018. US Air Force QRLV 1: Successful launch March 22, 2001. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ ^a ^b Krebs, Gunter. "M-56 family". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Krebs, Gunter. "STARS". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Air Force Launches Rocket From Kodiak Island". Defense-aerospace.com. U.S. Department of Defense. 25 April 2002. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2018. An Air Force and aerospace industry team successfully launched a quick reaction launch vehicle here on April 24.
^ ^a ^b Wilke, Gregory D. (2006). An Overview of Kodiak Launch Complex Operational Weather Support for the Missile Defense Agency's Integrated Flight Test 13 and 14 Launches (PDF). 12th Conference on Aviation Range and Aerospace Meteorology, 86th AMS Annual Meeting. 28 January – 3 February 2006. Atlanta, Georgia. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
^ "Missile Defense Exercise and Flight Test Successfully Completed" (PDF). Missile Defense Agency. 1 September 2006. 06-NEWS-0020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2006.
^ "US fires long-range missile in test". The Age. Agence France-Presse. 19 July 2008. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
^ "U.S. missile defense sensor test called successful". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. 18 July 2008. Archived from the original on 28 February 2009.
^ "Missile Defense Flight Test Results in Successful Intercept" (PDF). Missile Defense Agency. 5 December 2008. 08-NEWS-0090. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2010.
^ Wall, Mike (19 November 2010). "Rocket Loaded With Solar Sail and Satellites Blasts Off From Alaska". Space.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
^ Graham, William (27 September 2011). "Orbital Minotaur IV launches with TacSat-4". NASA Spaceflight. Archived from the original on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
^ Hubbs, Mark (July 2014). Advanced Hypersonic Weapon Flight Test 2 Hypersonic Technology Test: Environmental Assessment (PDF) (Report). U.S. Army. p. 2-1. SMDC Release #4044. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2014.
^ Alexander, David; Shalal, Andrea (26 August 2014). "Experimental U.S. hypersonic weapon destroyed seconds after launch". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Launch Manifest | Alaska Aerospace". Archived from the original on 5 December 2018.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c Judson, Jen (28 July 2019). "US, Israel's Arrow-3 missile put to the test in Alaska". Defense News. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ahronheim, Anna (29 July 2019). "Israel, U.S. carry out successful test of Arrow-3 missile over Alaska". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
^ "Rocket 3.1 And Astra's Path To Orbit". Astra. 2 August 2020. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
^ Berger, Eric (14 September 2020). "Astra finally launches its first orbital rocket, and it flew for 30 seconds". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
^ "Launch startup Astra's rocket reaches space". Tech Crunch. 16 December 2020. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
^ Burghardt, Thomas (28 August 2021). "Astra's third orbital launch attempt ends with LV0006 mishap". NASASpaceFlight. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
^ Trevithick, Joseph (21 October 2021). "U.S. Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon Test Fails (Updated)". The Drive. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
^ Davenport, Justin (14 March 2022). "Astra successfully returns to flight with mission for Spaceflight Inc". NASASpaceFlight. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
^ Foust, Jeff (11 January 2023). "First ABL Space Systems launch fails". SpaceNews. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
^ Samson, Victoria; Black, Sam (18 June 2007). "Flight Tests for Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD) System" (PDF). Center for Defense Information. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2012.
^ "Ballistic Missile Defense Intercept Flight Test Record" (PDF). Missile Defense Agency. 14 October 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2014.

External links

Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska website by the Alaska Aerospace Corporation
Alaska Aerospace Development Corporation Annual Reports from 2002 to present hosted by the Alaska State Publications Program.
Economic impact of the Alaska Aerospace Development Corporation on the Kodiak Island Borough and the State of Alaska 2006 hosted by the Alaska State Publications Program.
Environmental monitoring report, FTG-02 launch : Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak, Alaska / prepared for Alaska Aerospace Development Corporation (2007) hosted by the Alaska State Publications Program.
Environmental monitoring report, FT-04-1 launch : Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak, Alaska (2006) hosted by the Alaska State Publications Program.

[nsf20160825-1] Chambers, George (25 August 2016). "Kodiak Island spaceport reopens following 2014 launch failure". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.

[aacho2009-2] "History and Organization". Alaska Aerospace Corporation. 2009. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2010.

[aw201004-3] "Kodiak Readies for Quick Launch". Aviation Week. April 2010. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2010.

[Waite2012-4] Waite, Arthur C.; DeLuna, Alan T. (2012). Kodiak Launch Complex (KLC) – aka – Alaska Orbital Launch Complex (AOLC) History and Lessons (PDF). SpaceOps 2012. 11–15 June 2012. Stockholm, Sweden. doi:10.2514/6.2012-1295313. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.

[dispatch20140825-5] Mauer, Richard; Andrews, Laurel (25 August 2014). "Army rocket blown up during failed launch in Kodiak". Alaska Dispatch News. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.

[junempire20141228-6] Brooks, James; Griffiths, Melissa (28 December 2014). "Gov. Walker halts megaprojects". Juneau Empire. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.

[adn20150420-7] Toldanes, Roni (20 April 2015). "'Pacific Spaceport Complex Alaska' courts new customers". Alaska Dispatch News. Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.

[ads20150414-8] "Name change announced for rocket launch complex on Kodiak". Alaska Dispatch News. Associated Press. 14 April 2015. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.

[9] "Agnibaan rocket by Indian start-up to be test launched from Alaska, USA". WION. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.

[nsf-20211120-10] Burghardt, Thomas (20 November 2021). "Astra successfully makes orbit on fourth attempt". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.

[kodiakstar-11] "Kodiak Star – Kodiak Island Video Feeds". NASA. 29 September 2001. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[gsp-ait1-12] Krebs, Gunter. "SR-19 M-57A1". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.

[donyoung1998-13] Inaba, Amy (6 November 1998). "Kodiak Launch: A Success" (Press release). Congressman Don Young. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[Bowles2000-14] Bowles, Ann E. (5 September 2000). Potential Impact of USAF atmospheric interceptor technology (ait) Launches from the Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Island, Alaska (Report). Defense Technical Information Center. p. 12. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2013.

[fas19990910-15] Williamson, Richard (10 September 1999). "AIT-2 rocket set for Kodiak launch". Astro News. Archived from the original on 25 November 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013 – via FAS.org.

[gsp-ait2-16] Krebs, Gunter. "Castor-4B M-57A". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.

[17] "A Diversified, Sustainable Aerospace Industry for Alaska Strategic Plan 2011-2016" (PDF). Alaska Aerospace Corporation. 20 April 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2018.

[alaskaGovBudget-18] "State of Alaska: FY2003 Governor's Operating Budget" (PDF). Alaska Office of Management & Budget. 18 December 2001. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2018. US Air Force QRLV 1: Successful launch March 22, 2001. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[gsp-aries-19] Krebs, Gunter. "M-56 family". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.

[gsp-stars-20] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Krebs, Gunter. "STARS". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.

[DOD2002-21] "Air Force Launches Rocket From Kodiak Island". Defense-aerospace.com. U.S. Department of Defense. 25 April 2002. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2018. An Air Force and aerospace industry team successfully launched a quick reaction launch vehicle here on April 24.

[Wilke2006-22] Wilke, Gregory D. (2006). An Overview of Kodiak Launch Complex Operational Weather Support for the Missile Defense Agency's Integrated Flight Test 13 and 14 Launches (PDF). 12th Conference on Aviation Range and Aerospace Meteorology, 86th AMS Annual Meeting. 28 January – 3 February 2006. Atlanta, Georgia. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2013.

[mda20060901-23] "Missile Defense Exercise and Flight Test Successfully Completed" (PDF). Missile Defense Agency. 1 September 2006. 06-NEWS-0020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2006.

[theage20080719-24] "US fires long-range missile in test". The Age. Agence France-Presse. 19 July 2008. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2014.

[sfgate20080718-25] "U.S. missile defense sensor test called successful". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. 18 July 2008. Archived from the original on 28 February 2009.

[mda20081205-26] "Missile Defense Flight Test Results in Successful Intercept" (PDF). Missile Defense Agency. 5 December 2008. 08-NEWS-0090. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2010.

[space20101119-27] Wall, Mike (19 November 2010). "Rocket Loaded With Solar Sail and Satellites Blasts Off From Alaska". Space.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2013.

[nsf20110927-28] Graham, William (27 September 2011). "Orbital Minotaur IV launches with TacSat-4". NASA Spaceflight. Archived from the original on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2013.

[AHW-enviro-29] Hubbs, Mark (July 2014). Advanced Hypersonic Weapon Flight Test 2 Hypersonic Technology Test: Environmental Assessment (PDF) (Report). U.S. Army. p. 2-1. SMDC Release #4044. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2014.

[Reuters20140826-30] Alexander, David; Shalal, Andrea (26 August 2014). "Experimental U.S. hypersonic weapon destroyed seconds after launch". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2014.

[launchmanifest-31] "Launch Manifest | Alaska Aerospace". Archived from the original on 5 December 2018.

[32] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[Judson_2019-33] Judson, Jen (28 July 2019). "US, Israel's Arrow-3 missile put to the test in Alaska". Defense News. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2019.

[Ahronheim_2019-34] Ahronheim, Anna (29 July 2019). "Israel, U.S. carry out successful test of Arrow-3 missile over Alaska". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.

[35] "Rocket 3.1 And Astra's Path To Orbit". Astra. 2 August 2020. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.

[36] Berger, Eric (14 September 2020). "Astra finally launches its first orbital rocket, and it flew for 30 seconds". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.

[37] "Launch startup Astra's rocket reaches space". Tech Crunch. 16 December 2020. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2020.

[38] Burghardt, Thomas (28 August 2021). "Astra's third orbital launch attempt ends with LV0006 mishap". NASASpaceFlight. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.

[39] Trevithick, Joseph (21 October 2021). "U.S. Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon Test Fails (Updated)". The Drive. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.

[40] Davenport, Justin (14 March 2022). "Astra successfully returns to flight with mission for Spaceflight Inc". NASASpaceFlight. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.

[41] Foust, Jeff (11 January 2023). "First ABL Space Systems launch fails". SpaceNews. Retrieved 15 January 2023.

[cdi20070618-42] Samson, Victoria; Black, Sam (18 June 2007). "Flight Tests for Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD) System" (PDF). Center for Defense Information. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2012.

[mda-iftfaq-43] "Ballistic Missile Defense Intercept Flight Test Record" (PDF). Missile Defense Agency. 14 October 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2014.

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Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska

History

Launch facilities

Launch history

References

External links

Read other articles:

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