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Otto I
Otto I
Born	1117; Kelheim, Duchy of Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire
Died	11 July 1183; Pfullendorf, Holy Roman Empire
Noble family	House of Wittelsbach
Spouse(s)	Agnes of Loon
Issue; Detail	Sophia; Richardis; Louis I;
Father	Otto IV, Count of Scheyern
Mother	Heilika of Pettendorf-Lengenfeld

Otto I (1117 – 11 July 1183), called the Redhead (German: der Rotkopf), was Duke of Bavaria from 1180 until his death. He was also called Otto VI as Count Palatine of Bavaria from 1156 to 1180. He was the first Bavarian ruler from the House of Wittelsbach, a dynasty which reigned until the abdication of King Ludwig III of Bavaria in the German Revolution of 1918.

Life

Duke Otto I was probably born at Kelheim, the son of Count Palatine Otto IV of Wittelsbach and Heilika of Pettendorf-Lengenfeld, a granddaughter of the Hohenstaufen duke Frederick I of Swabia. He was the brother of Archbishop Conrad I of Mainz and Salzburg. Upon the death of his father in 1156, he succeeded him as Count palatine of the Bavarian duchy, then under the rule of Henry the Lion, a scion of the Welf dynasty.

As one of the best knights in the employ of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1155 he had prevented a defeat of the Emperor near Verona, where the army caravan was ambushed on the way back to Germany after the coronation at Rome. In the Dominium mundi conflict between emperor and pope culminating at the 1157 Reichstag of Besançon, fiery Otto could only be kept from smiting the papal legate Cardinal Rolando Bandinelli with his battleaxe by the personal intervention of Frederick.

He was finally rewarded with the duchy of Bavaria on 16 September 1180 at Altenburg in Thuringia, after the deposition of Duke Henry the Lion. But he was so little regarded by many of the Bavarian aristocracy that they are said to have refused him the customary homage.^[1] They went so far as to refuse to attend his first court assembly at Regensburg.^[2]

With the separation of Styria under Duke Ottokar IV in the same year, Bavaria lost the last of her southeastern territories. With the support of the emperor and his brother Conrad, Otto was able to secure the rule of his dynasty from the wary Bavarian nobility. His descendants ruled Bavaria for the next 738 years.

In 1182 or 1183, Duke Otto bought Dachau castle, the ministeriales, and all other appurtenances for a large sum of cash from the widow of the last duke of Dachau and Merania, Conrad II, Duke of Merania.^[3]

In 1183 Otto accompanied Emperor Frederick to sign the Peace of Constance with the Lombard League and died suddenly on the way back at Pfullendorf in Swabia. He was succeeded by his only surviving son Louis. Otto's mortal remains are buried in the crypt of Scheyern Abbey.

Issue

About 1169 Otto married Agnes,^[4] a daughter of Count Louis I of Loon. Agnes and Otto had the following children:

Otto (1169–1181)^[5]
Ulrich († 29 May...)
Agnes (1172 - 13 January 1200), married in 1186 to Henry von Plain
Heilika I (1171-1200),^[5] married in 1184 to Hallgrave Dietrich of Wasserburg
Agnes (1172–1200), married Count Henry of Plain (d. 1190)
Richardis (1173–1231),^[5] married in 1186 to Count Otto I of Guelders and Zutphen
Louis I (1173–1231),^[5] married in 1204 to Ludmilla of Bohemia
Heilika II (1176-1214),^[5] married Count Adelbert III of Dillingen (d. 1214)
Elisabeth (1178-1190),^[5] married Count Berthold II of Vohburg (d. 1209)
Mechtild (1180–1231),^[5] married in 1209 to Count Rapoto II of Ortenburg (1164–1231).
Sophia (1170–1238),^[5] married Landgrave Hermann I of Thuringia (1155–1217)

References

^ Arnold 1991, p. 242.
^ Holzfurtner 2005, p. 22.
^ Arnold 1985, p. 64.
^ Freed 1984, p. 9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Jeffery 2018, p. ii.

Sources

Arnold, Benjamin (1991). Princes and territories in medieval Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52148-3.
Arnold, Benjamin (1985). German Knighthood 1050-1300. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821960-1.
Freed, John B. (1984). The Counts of Falkenstein: Noble Self-consciousness in Twelfth-century Germany. The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 9780871697462.
Holzfurtner, Ludwig (2005). Die Wittelsbacher: Staat und Dynastie in acht Jahrhunderten (Urban-Taschenbucher). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag. ISBN 978-3170181915.
Jeffery, Renée (2018). Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia: The Philosopher Princess. Lexington Books.
Vogel, Susanne (2012). Die Wittelsbacher: Herzöge – Kurfürsten – Könige in Bayern von 1180 bis 1918. Biografische Skizzen. Staackmann. ISBN 978-3886752485.
Dahlem, Andreas (2009). The Wittelsbach Court in Munich: History and Authority in the Visual Arts (1460-1508). Glasgow.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Regnal titles
Otto I, Duke of Bavaria House of Wittelsbach Born: 1117 Died: 11 July 1183
Preceded by Henry XII	Duke of Bavaria 1180–1183	Succeeded by Louis I
Preceded by Otto V	Count Palatine of Bavaria 1156–1180	Succeeded by Otto VII