Ortaköy Mosque

Ortaköy Mosque
Ortaköy Mosque in Istanbul, on the European shoreline of the Bosphorus strait, with the Bosphorus Bridge in the background
Religion
AffiliationIslam
Location
LocationIstanbul, Turkey
Geographic coordinates41°2′49″N 29°1′37″E / 41.04694°N 29.02694°E / 41.04694; 29.02694
Architecture
Architect(s)Garabet Balyan, Nigoğayos Balyan
TypeMosque
StyleOttoman (19th-century eclectic)
Completed1854 or 1856
Minaret(s)2

Ortaköy Mosque (Turkish: Ortaköy Camii), formally the Büyük Mecidiye Camii[1] (Turkish: Büyük Mecidiye Camii, lit. 'Great Mosque of Sultan Abdulmejid') in Beşiktaş, Istanbul, Turkey, is a mosque situated at the waterside of the Ortaköy pier square, one of the most popular locations on the Bosphorus. It was commissioned by the Ottoman sultan Abdülmecid I and its construction was completed around 1854 or 1856.

This structure is symbolic of the district of Ortaköy and is often photographed, as it has a distinctive view of the Bosphorus Strait of Istanbul and the Bosphorus Bridge.

History

Early photograph of the mosque (taken between 1854 and 1867) showing original fluted minarets, which were replaced with the current design after an earthquake in 1894.

On the site of the present-day Ortaköy Mosque there was previously a small mosque built in 1720 and ruined during the Patrona Halil Uprising in 1731.[2] The current mosque was commissioned by the Ottoman sultan Abdülmecid I and built or completed around 1854 or 1856 (the exact dates of construction vary between scholarly sources).[a] Its architects were Armenian father and son Garabet Balyan and Nikoğos Balyan, who worked as a team and who also designed the nearby Dolmabahçe Palace and the Dolmabahçe Mosque in 1853–1855.[8][9][1]

The mosque was damaged in the 1894 Istanbul earthquake, and it also suffered a minor fire in 1984. Thus, the structure has undergone a number of repair and restoration work in its time. After the 1894 quake, the mosque was repaired by the Ministry of Foundations in 1909, and the original fluted minarets were replaced with more austere masonry work.[10] The single dome of the mosque was originally built using bricks and it developed cracks over time. By the 1960s, the building was also starting to lean and the dome was ready to collapse, so its foundations were reinforced and a new dome was reconstructed using concrete. The mosque reopened in 1969.[10][11]

Ortaköy Mosque in the first quarter of the 20th century

A three-year restoration project by the General Directorate of Foundations was completed in 2014, at a cost of almost 7 million liras. The mosque was officially reopened on 6 June 2014 with a ceremony attended by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the Prime Minister at the time, and other government officials.[12][13][14]

Architecture

As with their other projects in Istanbul, the Balyans designed the mosque in a mixed or eclectic style incorporating contemporary European Revivalist trends such as Neoclassical, along with some details and overall design elements drawn from the earlier Ottoman Baroque style. However, it is distinguished from other mosques of the period by its particularly ornate stone-carved decoration.[8][4][7][15]

The building consists of a two-story imperial apartment for the sultan, which has a U-shaped plan, and a main prayer hall for the mosque, which has a square plan covered with one dome. The facades with engaged columns are decorated by carved stone reliefs, giving the mosque a "dynamic appearance". There are two rows of windows providing the mosque with illumination.[16] The reconstructed dome was built from concrete, while stone was used to build the two, slim minarets.[17] The minarets have balconies resembling Corinthian capitals.[18]

The mosque is small in comparison to other mosques on the other side of the Golden Horn. In terms of the interior space, it is modest in scale but the inside is spacious and has wide, tall windows which refract its reflection in water as well as allowing in daylight. Materials like marble and porphyry were used to build the mihrab and minbar.[17][19] The inside of the dome is adorned with Trompe-l'œil frescoes, which were a feature first introduced to Ottoman architecture during the reign of Abdülmecid I.[20] The trompe-l'œil paintings here include depictions of niche-like windows with curtains as well as rows of mihrabs, executed in a Neo-Renaissance style while also incorporating elements of traditional Islamic architecture and decoration within that style.[21][17] The mosque's interior also features several panels of calligraphy executed by Abdülmecid I himself, as he was a calligrapher along with being a sultan.[22]

  • Exterior, with imperial apartments (left) and the domed prayer hall (right)
  • Front façade and entrance
  • Detail of the minarets
  • Interior view of the dome
    Interior of the mosque
  • Interior of the mosque, looking up at the dome
    Interior of the mosque, looking up at the dome
  • Mihrab of the mosque
  • Minbar of the mosque

Notes

  1. ^ For example, Alyson Wharton states that construction on the mosque began in 1848 and finished in 1854–5,[3] and likewise Ahmet Ersoy and the Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture (edited by Jonathan Bloom and Sheila Blair) cite the year of completion as 1854–5.[4][5] Ünver Rüstem cites the years 1854 to 1856,[1] while Martina Müller-Wiener similarly gives the year of completion as 1856.[6] Doğan Kuban gives the year 1853.[7]

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c Rüstem, Ünver (2019). Ottoman Baroque: The Architectural Refashioning of Eighteenth-Century Istanbul. Princeton University Press. pp. 270–271. ISBN 978-0-691-18187-5.
  2. ^ Türkyılmaz, Çiğdem (Spring 2015). "Interrelated Values of Cultural Landscapes of Human Settlements: Case of Istanbul". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 222: 502–509. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.141.
  3. ^ Wharton 2015, p. 115.
  4. ^ a b Ersoy, Ahmet A. (2017). Architecture and the Late Ottoman Historical Imaginary: Reconfiguring the Architectural Past in a Modernizing Empire. Routledge. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-351-57601-7.
  5. ^ M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Balyan [Balian]". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. p. 259. ISBN 9780195309911.
  6. ^ Müller-Wiener, Martina (2014). "Balyan, family of architects". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISBN 9789004161658.
  7. ^ a b Kuban, Doğan (2010). Ottoman Architecture. Translated by Mill, Adair. Antique Collectors' Club. p. 638. ISBN 9781851496044.
  8. ^ a b Goodwin, Godfrey (1971). A History of Ottoman Architecture. New York: Thames & Hudson. pp. 421–422. ISBN 0500274290.
  9. ^ M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Balyan [Balian]". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. pp. 259–260. ISBN 9780195309911.
  10. ^ a b Gunduz, Filiz (2007). "Ortaköy Camii". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2024-01-24.
  11. ^ Alaboz, Murat (July 2014). "STRUCTURAL RESPONSE OF ORTAKOY BUYUK MECIDIYE MOSQUE IN ISTANBUL". International Masonry Society: 13.
  12. ^ "BAŞBAKAN ERDOĞAN BÜYÜK MECİDİYE CAMİİ'NDE". Milliyet (in Turkish). 2014-06-06. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  13. ^ "Istanbul's historic mosque at Ortakoy reopened". Türkiye Newspaper (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  14. ^ Sabah, Daily (2014-06-06). "PM opens restored Ortaköy Mosque". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  15. ^ Wharton 2015.
  16. ^ Alan, p.63
  17. ^ a b c Cultural heritage and its educational implications: a factor for tolerance, good citizenship and social integration. Germany: Council of Europe Publishing. 1998. ISBN 9287135843.
  18. ^ Wharton 2015, p. 122.
  19. ^ Wharton 2015, p. 122, 133.
  20. ^ Wharton 2015, p. 123.
  21. ^ Wharton 2015, pp. 132–133.
  22. ^ Leeann Murphy (23 December 2014). Moon Istanbul & the Turkish Coast: Including Cappadocia. Avalon Travel. ISBN 9781612386140.

Sources

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