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Ophiura ophiura
	Arm partly regenerated
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Echinodermata
Class:	Ophiuroidea
Order:	Ophiurida
Family:	Ophiuridae
Genus:	Ophiura
Species:	O. ophiura
Binomial name
	Ophiura ophiura; Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms
	Asterias ciliata O.F. Müller, 1776; Asterias ophiura Linnaeus, 1758; Ophioglypha texturata (Lamarck, 1816); Ophiura ciliaris Lamarck, 1816; Ophiura ciliata (Bruzelius in Retzius, 1783); Ophiura textura (Linnaeus, 1758); Ophiura texturata Lamarck, 1816;

Ophiura ophiura or the serpent star is a species of brittle star in the order Ophiurida. It is typically found on coastal seabeds around northwestern Europe.^[1]

Description

Ophiura ophiura has a circular central disc up to 35 mm (1.5 in) wide and five radially arranged, narrow arms each up to 140 mm (6 in) long. The general colour is mottled reddish-brown with a paler underside. Both the top and the underside of the disc are covered with calcareous plates. The arms are joined to the top rather than the edge of the disc and further small, articulating plates allow the arms to bend from side to side. Small spines on the arms lie flat against the surface. Four larger plates occur across the root of each arm with the outer pair having a comb-like edge, with 20 to 30 fine papillae in each.^[2] A pair of pores is seen between the underside plates at the root of the arms.^[3]^[4] Five large mouth-shield plates are on the underside of the disc which surround the central mouth. The teeth are in a vertical row above each of the five jaws and about five mouth papillae are on each side of the jaw.^[5]

Distribution and habitat

Ophiura ophiura is found on the sea floor in the northeast Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea from Norway and Sweden south to Madeira and the Mediterranean Sea. It is found below low-tide mark in the neritic zone down about 200 m, on sandy bottoms. It shows a preference for sediments with a fine grain size and about 35% mud content.^[1]^[5] It is a common species with 20 to 50 individuals occurring per square metre in some years in the North Sea.^[6]

Biology

Ophiura ophiura is an active brittle star, moving with a jerky swimming action of its legs and sometimes burrowing.^[2] It is a filter feeder, feeding on a wide range of food,^[1] but also a bottom-feeding carnivore and detritivore.^[7] It can regenerate its arms if they are damaged or torn off.^[7]

Sexual reproduction takes place during the summer. The larvae are the typical ophiopluteus larvae of brittle stars and later settle on the sea bed and develop into juveniles.^[1]

Ecology

The copepod, Parartotrogus richardi, is an ectoparasite of O. ophiura.^[1]

In the Clyde sea fishery for scampi (Nephrops norvegicus) in Scotland, the unwanted invertebrates that get caught up in the trawl include O. ophiura, as well as the starfish Asterias rubens. A study undertaken to discover the survival rate of these animals when discarded and returned to the water found that uninjured A. rubens had a mortality rate of 4%, whereas virtually all the O. ophiura died within 14 days, even when they were returned to the sea immediately after being caught.^[8]

Another study examined the rate at which the discarded invertebrates sank to the bottom and their ultimate fates. O. ophiura sank relatively slowly and was preyed upon by seabirds, and the arms were eaten by fish. On the sea bed, a succession of benthic scavengers thrived on their remains with crangonid shrimps and crabs such as Carcinus maenas and Liocarcinus depurator being prominent. In six hours, little remained except the limbs of crustaceans and the discs of ophiuroids. The crab Pagurus bernhardus was the most likely scavenger to consume O. ophiura in baited traps.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ophiura ophiura (Linnaeus, 1758) World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Ophiura ophiura (Linnaeus, 1758). National Museums of Northern Ireland. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
^ A brittlestar - Ophiura ophiura. Marine Life Information Network. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
^ Barrett, J. & C. M. Yonge (1958) Collins Pocket Guide to the Sea Shore. Collins, London
^ ^a ^b Macrobenthos of the North Sea - Echinodermata. Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
^ Degraer S., J. Wittoeck, W. Appeltans, K. Cooreman, T. Deprez, H. Hillewaert, K. Hostens, J. Mees, E. Vanden Berghe & M. Vincx (2006). The macrobenthos atlas of the Belgian part of the North Sea. Belgian Science Policy. D/2005/1191/3. ISBN 90-810081-6-1. 164 pp.
^ ^a ^b Skold, M. (1996). "Arm regeneration frequency in eight species of ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from European sea areas". Journal of Sea Research. 35 (4): 353–357. doi:10.1016/S1385-1101(96)90762-5.
^ Bergmann, M.; Moore, P. G. (2001). "Mortality of Asterias rubens and Ophiura ophiura discarded in the Nephrops fishery of the Clyde Sea area, Scotland". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 58 (3): 531. doi:10.1006/jmsc.2001.1046.
^ M. Bergmann, S. K. Wieczorek, P. G. Moore, R. J. A. Atkinson (2002). Utilisation of invertebrates discarded from the Nephrops fishery by variously selective benthic scavengers in the west of Scotland. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 233: 185–198. Retrieved August 10, 2011.