Operation Nordwind was launched by German ground forces on 31 December 1944 against U.S. and French ground forces in the Rhineland-Palatinate and the Alsace and Lorraine regions of southwestern Germany and northeastern France as part of the European Theatre in World War II . It ended on 25 January 1945.
North of Strasbourg
Notes
^ Died of pneumonia approx. 5-1/2 months after the end of the war in Europe.
^ Leclerc , the 2nd Armored's commander, refused to serve under de Lattre owing to the latter's having served under Pétain , whom Leclerc considered to be a collaborationist . [Beevor, p. 326]^ Served approx. 8 years for war crimes
^ Later successfully led French forces against the Việt Minh in the First Indochina War .
^ Killed in action 4 February.
^ Committed suicide 4 May.
^ Brutally suppressed the Warsaw uprising ; died in prison 1972.
References
^ Zaloga 2010, p. 20
^ Zaloga 2010, p. 37
^ Zaloga 2010, p. 36
^ Zaloga 2010, p. 43
^ Zaloga 2010, p. 36
Sources
Beevor, Antony (2015). Ardennes 1944: The Battle of the Bulge . New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-1431098-6-0 Cirillo, Roger. The Ardennes-Alsace United States Army Center of Military History . CMH Pub 72-26. Archived from the original on 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2010-12-14 . Clarke, Jeffrey J.; Ross Smith, Robert (1993). Riviera to the Rhine . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Engler, Richard (1999). The Final Crisis: Combat in Northern Alsace, January 1945 . Aberjona Press. ISBN 978-0-9666389-1-2 Zaloga, Steven (2010). Operation Nordwind 1945 . Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-683-5 "US 44th Infantry Division - Nordwind " . [ Battle History of the United States 44th Infantry Division, ETO 1944 - 1945] . Archived from the original on 2005-03-06.14th Armored Division Combat History The NORDWIND Offensive (January 1945) on the website of the 100th Infantry Division Association contains a list of German primary sources on the operation.
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