Olivier IV de Clisson (1300–1343), was a BretonMarche Lord and knight who became embroiled in the intrigue of Vannes and was subsequently executed by the King of France for perceived treason. He was the husband of Jeanne de Clisson who eventually became known as the Lioness of Brittany.
Lord of the Breton border lands, Vassal of Brittany and France
The de Clissons were regional lords of lands in south western Brittany and answerable as vassals of the Duke of Brittany. They had also however married into families with French lands in Normandy, Maine and Anjou and were therefore also considered owing allegiances to the King of France.[1][2]
As an example Olivier IV with his father in law the Count de Roucy departed on an expedition with Phillip de Valois, then a cousin of the King of France to raise a siege of Genoa in 1320. He must have been considered inexperienced as this stage as he is only cited as a squire in official documents.[citation needed]
First marriage
In 1320, Olivier married Blanche de Bouville at the Chateau de Clisson, in the presence of Philippe Valois of France. Blanche was the daughter of Jean IV de Bouville, Lord of Milly, near Paris and Marguerite de Bomez, Dame de Bommiers, Chateaumeillant and Montfaucon.[citation needed]
From this marriage, a son Jean de Clisson is born around 1321, who would become the next Lord of Milly, but died young. Blanche died in 1329 and was buried in the Cordeliers convent in Nantes.[citation needed]
Second marriage
In 1330, Olivier married again, this time to Jeanne de Belleville.
Jeanne, a recent widow herself of the lord of Chateaubriant, controlled areas in Poitou just south of the Breton border from Beauvoir-sur-Mer in the west to Cheaumur in the southeast of Clisson. Combining these assets would make Jeanne and Olivier the seigneurial power (senior Lord of an area) in the border region of Brittany. Jeanne and Olivier eventually had five children:
Isabeau, (1325–1343) born out of wedlock (5 years before the marriage to Olivier), she eventually married John I of Rieux and therefore mother of Jean II de Rieux (died 1343) and
Olivier was again mentioned in an account of expenses of Philippe Valois from 31 May 1324 to 7 November 1324 for an expedition in Gascony against the English. The author of Grande Chroniques de France mentions that the King of France, knights Olivier IV in this period.
In 1337, Olivier was with Raoul d’Eu, the constable of France in Gascony and Languedoc on expedition.[3]
In 1338, Olivier was promoted to a Knight banneret and was recorded with 7 other knights and 35 squires serving under the King of Bohemia, an ally of the King of France fighting in Gascony.[4]
Olivier also had the confidence of the John III, Duke of Brittany, as in March 1341, one of the codicils of his will indicated he was given 300 Livres from a property in Nantes.
The extended de Clisson family however did not all take the same view. Amaury de Craon, Oliviers cousin owned land in England and had even been a seneschal for the King of England in Aquitaine from 1313 to 1322.
In January 1342, the de Clisson castle of Blain was chosen as headquarters by Robert Bertrand, the French King's Lieutenant sent to aid Charles de Blois.
Olivier IV's brother, Gauthier (Garnier) de Clisson died defending Brest whilst his other brother Amaury de Clisson, was captured defending Jugon and thereafter switched sides to the de Montfort faction. It was this Amaury who then concluded an agreement on 10 March 1342, in Westminster with Edward, the King of England and returned to Brittany with 6000 archers saving the de Montforts sieged at Hennebont.[5]
Intrigue of Vannes
In November 1342 Olivier IV, raised about 12,600 men, in addition to those of Lord Beaumanoir, Marshal of Brittany, and headed towards the captured city of Vannes.[6][7]
In December 1342, another English-Breton force arrived, recapturing the city of Vannes. Olivier IV and Hervé VII de Léon, the military commanders defending this city, were also captured.
Olivier was the only one released after an exchange for Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford (a prisoner of the French), and a surprisingly low sum was demanded.
This led Olivier to be subsequently suspected of not having defended the city to his fullest, and was alleged by Charles de Blois to be a traitor.[8][9][10][11][12]
Tournament and trial
Execution of Olivier IV de Clisson. Painting attributed to Loyset Liédet, Flemish illuminator (v.1420-v.1483) in the Chronicles of Lord Jehan Froissart.
On 19 January 1343, the Truce of Malestroit was signed between England and France. Under the perceived safe conditions of this truce, Olivier and fifteen other Breton lords were invited to a tournament on French soil, where he was subsequently arrested and taken to Paris.[13]
Olivier IV's wife Jeanne tried in vain to have him set free. She seems to have tried to bribe a King's sergeant.[14]
2 August 1343, Olivier IV was tried by his peers and executed by beheading at Les Halles.
In the year of our Grace one thousand three hundred and forty-three, on Saturday, the second day of August, Olivier, Lord of Clisson, knight, prisoner in the Chatelet of Paris for several treasons and other crimes perpetrated by him against the king and the crown of France, and for alliances that he made with the king of England, enemy of the king and kingdom of France, as the said Olivier ... has confessed, was by judgement of the king given at Orleans drawn from the Chatelet of Paris to Les Halles ... and there on a scaffold had his head cut off. And then from there his corpse was drawn to the gibbet of Paris and there hanged on the highest level; and his head was sent to Nantes in Brittany to be put on a lance over the Sauvetout gate as a warning to others.[15]
This execution shocked the nobility as the evidence of guilt was not publicly demonstrated, and the process of desecrating/exposing a body was reserved mainly for low-class criminals. This execution was judged harshly by Froissart and his contemporaries.[16]
On 26 August 1343, for her attempted bribery of the Kings sergeant, Jeanne was subsequently sentenced to banishment and confiscation of her property. She managed to evade arrest as she was being protected by Olivier's eldest son Jean, Guilaume Berard, her squire and valet, Guionnet de Fay and Guillaume Denart.[17]
The property of Olivier IV was confiscated and then doled out to vassals of the French King.:[18][19]
The chamberlain of the King, Thibault, Lord of Mateflon received property in the bailiff of Caen, the manor of Tuit, the forest of Cinglais and the iron mines of Beaumont worth about 100 Livres a year.
A relative of Charles de Blois, Jean de Derval received lands and belongings of Goulaine and L’Epine, south of Nantes, worth about 500 Livres a year.
The Bishop of Leon, Pierre Benoit land owned in the parish of Guerande, worth about 25 Livres a year.
Notes
Records exist where shortly after Olivier IV de Clisson's execution, several other knights were accused of similar crimes. The Lord of Malestroit and his son, the Lord of Avaugour, sir Tibaut de Morillon, Alain de Quédillac, Guillaume, Jean and Olivier de Brieux, Denis du Plessis, Jean Malart, Jean de Senadavy, Thibaut de Morillon, Denis de Callac and other lords of Brittany, to the number of ten knights and squires, were beheaded at Paris. Four other knights of Normandy, sir William Baron, sir Henry de Malestroit, the lord of Rochetesson, and Sir Richard de Persy, were put to death upon reports.
^Benneman, J.B. Olivier de Clisson and the political society under Charles V and Charles VI, Phillidelpia, 1996
^Bougraud, F. Some notes on the Lords of Clisson (1180-1320), in Bulletin de la société archaelogique et historique de Nantes et de Loire-Atlantique, 2000, pgs 112-115
^This information comes from the account of Barthelemy du Drach, treasurer of the king's wars, appointed Philippe VI de Valois, king of France, in the Bois de Vincennes, on November 21, 1338, replacing Jean Le Mire and Francois de L'Hopital, clerk of the crossbowmen. This account mentioned the receipts for the Biscay War of the years 1338, 1339, 1340 (B.N.F., new French acq. 7413. fol 251)
^Olivier de Clisson is cited in the account of the expenses of the Raoul, count of Eu and Guines, constable of France, sent from Paris by the king France to Languedoc and Gascony as his lieutenant and his captain of May 13 on November 2, 1337 (BNF, new French acq. 7413, fol 179, copy)
^on March 10, 1342, the letters patent of Edward 3, King of England, announced that, by agreement between him and Amaury de Clisson, tutor of John, son of John, Duke of Brittany and Count of Montfort and Richmond, all the villae, burgi, castra, fortalitia and portus maris of the Duchy of Brittany were to be handed over to Edward 3 during the duration of the war in Brittany. The King and Amaury de Clisson also agreed to entrust the custody of all these places to a Walter de Mauny (Peyronnet, G., The sources of the medieval history of Brittany in England, in Annales de Bretagne, t.96, no 3, pg 306
^name="THVV" /> D'Artois did not have time to gather reinforcements and had to fight with the forces left to him in November.
^name="VHGC" /> Vannes was recaptured by the French-Breton force.
^In 1342, after having been captain of the castle of La Roche-Derrien (Bouchart, A. The great chronical of Brittany, Texts by Auger, l. and Jeanneau, G. under the direction of Guene, B., Paris 1986 pg 38)
^Olivier IV was captain of Vannes and commanded a thousand two hundred men there (La Borderie, Arthur de, Historie de la Bretagne, Reed, Mayenne 1975, pg 469-470)
^With Herve de Leon, Olivier IV will defend Vannes during the siege led by the countess of Montfort (Le Baud, Pierre, Histoire de Bretagne with the Chronicles of houses of Vitre and Laval ed d'Hozier, Paris, 1638 pg 286)
^He lost Vannes (Le Baud, P. op cit pg 287) He managed to save himself. Perhaps again with Herve de Leon, he besieged Vannes which he took over (Le Bel, Jean, Chronique, ed Viard-Deprez, Societe de l'Histoire de France, Paris, 1904-1905 chap LXI pg 1)
^In April 1343, he was again in Vannes which was besieged by the Anglo-Breton troops commanded by the King of England in person. Olivier made an exit to push back the enemy (Argentre, B The history of Brittany, of the Roys, Dukes, Counts and Princes of icelle, Rennes 1583, pg 288). During the engagement, he was taken prisoner with Herve de Leon (Le Bel, J, Chroniques, op cit chap LCII pg 21).
^Chronographia regum Francorum (1270-1405), ed Moranville, H. Paris 1891, Pg 251-252
^On March 12, 1343, it was decided that Pierre Nicolas, the King's sergeant, detained at the Chatelet in Paris for having at the request of the Lady of Bellville, the Sire de Clisson hampered the execution, would be extended until further notice. His statement was made in front of Robert Mulet and were in the hands of master Guillaume de Dol. He was only, for the moment, suspended from his office. (Arche. Nat. X2A4, no 4097 G. Journa: Acts of the Parliament of Paris, Criminal Parliament. Reign of Philippe 6 de Valois. Analytical inventory of registers X2A to 5, by Brigitte Labat-Poussin, Monique Langlois and Yvonne Lanhers, Paris, 1987, pg 177)
^The Law of Treason and Treason Trials in Later Medieval France (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Third Series). 18 December 2003
^Cazelles, R. Political society and the crisis of royalty under Philippe VI Valois, Paris, 1958
^A series of acts of restitution on returned property of Olivier V de Clisson. From September 27, 1360, the Dauphin, Duke of Normandy, had returned to Olivier V, the future constable of France, most of the barony of Thury and the land of Tuit (Chroniques de Jean Froissart, published by Simeon Luce 1876, t . VI, p LXXVII) For more details, see Norman properties: Bib. mun. de Nantes, French collection 22325, Blain titles: Arch. nat, JJ87 fol 161, no274: Registers of Charles, Dauphin and Duke of Normandy, lieutenant of the king or regent (1357-1360)
^Philippe VI de Valois, king of France, gave Thibaud, Lord of Matefelon, the Norman goods confiscated from Olivier IV de Clisson for crime of lese-majeste, that is to say the manor of Tuit and the forest of Cinglais (BNF, ms francais 22338, pg 160-162) On January 22, 1367, in Paris, the kings of France, Charles V, returned to Olivier V de Clisson the proceeds of four villages of the viscount of Falaise, Boulon, Mutrecy, Saint-Laurent de Condel and Saint- Aignan-de-Cramesnil. Delisle, L. Mandements et acts divers de Charles V (1364-1380), collected in the collections of the B.N.F., published or analyzed, Paris, 1874, pg 215, no 428, B.N.F., P.O. 789 act no 2.
Further reading
d'Eaubonne, Françoise (1998), Les grandes aventurieres (in French), Saint-Amard-Montrond: Vernal and Philippe Lebaud, pp. 17–27, ISBN2865940381
Henneman, John Bell (June 1996), Olivier de Clisson and political society in France under Charles V and Charles VI, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
Lapouge, Gilles (1987), Les Pirates, forbans, flibustiers, boucaniers et autres gueux de mer
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