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Ogaden
بنو أوغادين
Ogaden; بنو أوغادين
Somali clan
Ethnicity	Somali
Location	Somalia; Ethiopia; Kenya;
Parent tribe	Darod
Population	5-6 million
Language	Somali; Arabic
Religion	Sunni Islam

The Ogaden (Somali: Ogaadeen, Arabic: أوغادين) is one of the major Somali clans in the Horn of Africa.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Overview

Members of the Ogaden clan primarily live in the central Ogaden plateau of Ethiopia (Somali Region),^[5] the North Eastern Province of Kenya, and the Jubaland region of Southern Somalia.^[6]

According to Human Rights Watch in 2008, the Ogaden is the largest Darod clan in Ethiopia's Somali Region, and may account for 40 to 50 percent of the Somali population in Ethiopia.^[7] The Ogaden clan "constitutes the backbone of the ONLF".^[8] In particular, the ONLF operates in Ogaden areas.^[9]

History

Pre-colonial era

The Ogaden were the principal force behind a series of Somali expansions that led to expulsion of the Wardey clan from west of the Jubba river and displacing Borana in parts of the North Eastern Province in the 19th century.^[10] Frank Linsly James, one of the first Europeans to travel deep into Ogaden territory while being accompanied by Lord Philips and armed with Martini-Enfield rifles, describes his first encounter with Ogadens in 1884.

After marching for six hours, we were joined by two Ogadayn natives, who said they would show us the wells, which were close at hand. They pointed to our guns and asked their use. When we said, "for killing men and beasts," they laughed, and replied " they would be no use against sticks, let alone swords and spears." A Hornbill was sitting on a tree listening to this conversation, and echoed the natives' laugh with an assenting croak of scorn. Lord Phillips raised his despised firearm, and down fell the lifeless hornbill. Down, too, fell the Ogadayn natives, and remained for some time with their faces pressed against the ground, invoking the protection of the great Allah.^[11]

Huwan era

The Huwan era constitutes the period of the Scramble for Africa when the Ogaden area and people (also known as kilinka shanaad or Somali Galbeed) were known as the Huwan. The easternmost parts of the Huwan had negligible to no influence by emperor Menelik II's or by Zewditu, depending on time period. Somali literature also refers to the territory subjected to Abyssinian expansionism, i.e. the Ogaden, contemporaneously and traditionally known as the Huwan:^[13]

Rayad oo Ingiriis iyo wixii raacsanaa ah, Dhabayaco oo Talyaani iyo kuwii raacsanaa ah, Huwan oo Amxaaro iyo wixii la halmaala ah ...

Rayids were Somalis in a pact with the British, Dhabayaco those in a pact with Italians, Huwan those in a pact with the Amharans ...

In the subsequent period, during and after the second World War, the area of the Huwan region began to be referred to as Ogaden by the British, or simply British Ogaden in the aftermath of the East African Campaign in 1941.^[14]

Groups

ONLF separatist rebels fighting for the right to self-determination for Somalis in the Somali Region of Ethiopia
ONLF, a sociopolitical movement seeking self-determination
Ragxun, was a minor segment of the 13 Darawiish administrative divisions, and was half Ogaden, half Cali Geri Dhulbahante.
Miinanle, was a major Darawiish administrative divisions, and was one third Ogaden, one third Cali Geri Dhulbahante, one third Odala/ Bahgeri Dhulbahante^[15]

Notable persons

Raage Ugaas [so], the father of the Somali poet
Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, the Sayyid, Mad Mullah; leader of the Dervish movement
Sheikh Ibrahim Abdalla Mah, the first chairman and one of the founders of the ONLF
Ahmed Abdi Ogle, Former MP Kenyan Parliament (1963-1983), Assistant Minister, First Somali Deputy Mayor of Nairobi 1998.
Mahamoud Mohamed Former Chief of General Staff of the Kenya Defence Forces from 1980 to 1998.
Admiral Mohammed Omar Osman, Current ONLF chairman
Aden Abdullahi Nur, also known as Aadan Gabyow was Somali politician and a military general in the Somali National Army. He served as Minister of Defence under President Siad Barre from 1986 to 1988.
Bashir Bililiqo, Leader of the anti-Barre Somali Patriotic Movement
Asli Hassan Abade, First Somali female pilot
Farah Maalim, Former Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya
Aden Duale, The majority leader of the Kenyan parliament
Sophia Abdi Noor, Politician, human rights activist, and the first woman from the North Eastern elected to the Parliament of Kenya
Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki, Islamist leader in Somalia and military leader in the Islamic Courts Union
Mohamed Yusuf Haji, Former Minister of Defence and acting Minister of Internal Security and Provincial Affairs in Kenya
Nuruddin Farah, Renowned writer and winner of the 1998 Neustadt International Prize for Literature
Ahmed Madobe, President of Jubbaland, chairman of the Raskamboni movement
Mohamed Dheere, Fighter in Juba River, and mentor of Ahmed Madoobe.
Hassan Abdillahi, Founder and President of Ogaal Radio
Hamza Abdi Barre, Current Prime Minister of Somalia
Abdirahman Ali Hassan, Wajir county senator and the deputy minority leader in the senate 2013–2017, assistant minister of trade 2005–2007, Wajir south constituency MP, 2002-2013
Aar Maanta, A Somali-British singer-songwriter, actor, composer, instrumentalist and music producer.
Kaladi Madlay, Head of part of the Huwan region and highest ranked avowed Ogaden in the Darawiish in the early 1900s
Huseen Dhiqle, Sayid's successor at Iimey and chief memorizer of his poems
Hamed Sultan, An important disciple of the Sayid and teenage ruler of part of the Huwan
Xuseen Dalal Iljeex, Governor of Huwan; ally of emperor Menelik II and opponent of Diiriye Guure

References

^ Vaughan, Sarah (2019), de Vries, Lotje; Englebert, Pierre; Schomerus, Mareike (eds.), "Ethiopia, Somalia, and the Ogaden: Still a Running Sore at the Heart of the Horn of Africa", Secessionism in African Politics: Aspiration, Grievance, Performance, Disenchantment, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 91–123, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90206-7_4, ISBN 978-3-319-90206-7
^ "Somalia: Minorities and indigenous peoples". Minority Rights Group International. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
^ Lewis, Ioan M (1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. James Currey Publishers. p. 12. ISBN 9780852552803. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
^ Lewis, Ioan M (July 1959). "Clanship and Contract in Northern Somaliland". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 29 (3): 274–293. doi:10.2307/1157617. JSTOR 1157617. S2CID 143243256. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
^ "Collective Punishment", p. 14
^ World Agriculture Outlook & Situation. The Service. 1982. p. 20.
^ "Collective Punishment", p. 13
^ "Collective Punishment", p. 4
^ "Collective Punishment", p. 27
^ Turnbull, Richard (1961). The Darod Invasion. Richard Turnbull.
^ The Unknown Horn of Africa: An Exploration From Berbera to the Leopard River, By Frank Linsly james, p.104
^ "Somalia Maps - Perry-Castañeda Map Collection - UT Library Online". Retrieved September 21, 2019.
^ "Xasanow Hubqaadaye" [Peace be upon you] (in Somali). Retrieved 2024-05-28.
^ Super powers in the Horn of Africa - Page 48, 1987, Madan Sauldie
^ Taariikhdii daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamad Cabdille Xasan, Jaamac Cumar Ciise · 2005 - PAGE 173