Offshore embedded anchors

Types of anchoring solutions for offshore structures
Various embedded anchors currently used in the industry to moor offshore oil and gas or renewable energy facilities[1]

Offshore embedded anchors are anchors intended for offshore use that derive their holding capacity from the frictional, or bearing, resistance of the surrounding soil, as opposed to gravity anchors, which derive their holding capacity largely from their weight. As offshore developments move into deeper waters, gravity-based structures become less economical due to the large size needed and the consequent cost of transportation.

Each of several embedded-anchor types presents its own advantages for anchoring offshore structures. The choice of anchoring solution depends on multiple factors, such as the type of offshore facility that requires mooring, its location, economic viability, the lifetime of its use, soil conditions, and resources available.

Examples of facilities that may need mooring offshore are floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) units, mobile offshore drilling units, offshore oil production platforms, wave power and other renewable energy converters, and floating liquefied natural gas facilities.

Drag-embedment anchors

Drag-embedment anchors (DEA) derive their holding capacity from being buried, or embedded, deep within the seabed with their anchoring capacity being directly related to embedment depth. DEAs are installed by means of dragging, using a mooring chain or wire, this relatively simple means of installation making the DEA a cost-effective option for anchoring offshore structures. DEAs are commonly used for temporary moorings of offshore oil and gas structures, e.g. mobile offshore drilling units. Their use in only temporary mooring situations may be largely attributed to uncertainty involving the anchor's embedding trajectory and placement in the soil, which results in uncertainty with regard to the anchor's holding capacity.[2]

Under ideal conditions, DEAs are one of the most efficient types of anchors, with holding capacities ranging from 33 to greater than 50 times their weight;[3] and such efficiency gives DEAs an inherent advantage over other anchoring solutions such as caissons and piles, since the mass of a DEA is concentrated deep within the seabed where soil resistance and, hence, holding capacity, is greatest.[2] Anchor efficiency is defined as the ratio between the ultimate holding capacity and the dry weight of the anchor, with DEAs often possessing significantly higher efficiency ratios compared to other anchoring solutions.

Catenary (left) and taut (right) mooring solutions.[1]

A catenary configuration consists of "slack" mooring lines that form a catenary shape under their own weight. Since the catenary mooring lines lie flat along the seabed, they exert only horizontal forces on their anchors. Taut mooring lines arriving at an angle to the seabed exert both horizontal and vertical forces on their anchors.[1] Since DEAs are designed to resist horizontal forces only, these anchors should only be used in a catenary-moored configuration. Applying a significant vertical load to a DEA will result in its failure, as the vertical force applied to the padeye will result in anchor retrieval. However, this does facilitate anchor retrieval, which contributes to the cost effectiveness of this anchoring solution.

Design

Drag embedment anchor components (fluke, shank, and padeye)[2]

The three main components of a DEA are the fluke, shank, and padeye. For a DEA, the angle between the fluke and the shank is fixed at approximately 30 degrees for stiff clays and sand, and 50 degrees for soft clays.[1]

Fluke

The fluke of a plate anchor is a bearing plate that provides the large majority of the anchors holding capacity at its ultimate embedment depth. As well as contributing to anchor capacity, the fluke may contribute to anchor stability during embedment. Adopting a wider fluke can help in providing rolling stability which allows for deeper embedment and better holding capacity.[4] There are industry guidelines pertaining to both the appropriate width, length, and thickness of anchor flukes, where width refers to the dimension perpendicular to the direction of embedment. Commercial anchors typically have a fluke width-to-length ratio of 2:1 and a fluke length-to- thickness ratio between 5 and 30.[4]

Shank

During embedment, anchor design should focus on minimising soil resistance perpendicular to the embedment trajectory of the anchor, allowing for deeper embedment.

Since DEAs derive their strength from their embedment depth, the shank should be designed such that soil resistance perpendicular to the anchor's embedment trajectory should be minimised.

Frictional soil resistance against the parallel component of the shank, however, is less significant. Thus, the area of the shank in line with the direction of the embedment trajectory is often relatively large to provide anchor stability against rolling during embedment.

Padeye

The padeye is the connection between the anchor and mooring line. Padeye eccentricity, often measured as the padeye offset ratio, is the relationship between the horizontal and vertical distance of the padeye position in relation to the fluke–shank connection of an anchor. The evaluation of the optimal padeye eccentricity for DEAs and vertically loaded anchors (VLAs) is limited to the appropriate choice of shank length given a fixed fluke–shank angle during embedment. A study conducted to investigate appropriate shank lengths considered a range of shank-length to fluke-length ratios between 1 and 2.[5] It was determined that the shorter shank lengths (closer to ratios of 1) produced deeper anchor embedment.[5]

Mooring Line

Although the mooring line is not an anchor component unique to the DEA, its design significantly influences the behaviour of the anchor. A thicker mooring line makes for more resistance to anchor embedment. The properties of chain, versus wire, mooring lines have been investigated, with chain mooring lines causing reductions in anchor capacity of up to 70%.[6] Thus, where appropriate and cost-efficient, wire mooring lines should be used. The embedded section of a mooring line contributes to the anchor's holding capacity against horizontal movement. It is, therefore, appropriate to analyse the contribution of the anchor's mooring line with respect to both the embedment process of the anchor and its contribution to the final anchor holding capacity.

Vertically-loaded anchors

Anchor transition from DEA to VLA mode.[2]

Vertically-loaded anchors (VLAs) are essentially DEAs that are free to rotate about the fluke-shank connection, which allows the anchor to withstand both vertical and horizontal loading and thus, unlike DEAs, mooring lines may be in either a catenary or taut-moored configuration. VLAs are embedded as DEAs are, over a specified drag length. As a result, much of the design considerations required for DEAs is applicable to VLAs. Following the drag length insertion, the fluke is "released" and allowed to rotate freely about its connection with the shank. This new anchor configuration results in the mooring line load being essentially normal to the fluke of the VLA.[2]

Suction caissons

Suction caisson solution

Suction caissons (also known as suction buckets, suction piles, or suction anchors) are a new class of embedded anchors that have a number of economic advantages over other methods. They are essentially upturned buckets that are embedded into the soil and use suction, by pumping out the water to create a vacuum, to anchor offshore floating facilities. They present a number of economic benefits, including quick installation and removal during decommissioning, as well as a reduction in material costs.[7] The caisson consists of a large-diameter cylinder (typically in the 3-to-8-metre (10 to 26 ft) range), open at the bottom and closed at the top, with a length-to-diameter ratio in the range of 3 to 6.[8] This anchoring solution is used extensively in large offshore structures, offshore drilling and accommodation platforms. Since the rise in the demand for renewable energy, such anchors are now used for offshore wind turbines, typically in a tripod configuration.

Suction-embedded plate anchors

SEPLA Installation: (1) Suction installation, (2) Caisson-retrieval, (3) Anchor keyring, (4) Mobilised anchor[9]

In 1997, the suction-embedded plate anchor (SEPLA) was introduced as a combination of two proven anchoring concepts—suction piles and plate anchors—to increase efficiency and reduce costs.[10]

Today, SEPLA anchors are used in the Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of West Africa, and in many other locations. The SEPLA uses a suction "follower", an initially water-filled, open-bottom caisson, to embed a plate anchor into soil. The suction follower is lowered to the seabed where it begins to penetrate under its own weight. Water is then pumped from the interior of the caisson to create a vacuum that pushes the plate anchor underneath to the desired depth (Step 1). The plate anchor mooring line is then disengaged from the caisson, which is retrieved by water being forced into the caisson, causing it to move upwards whilst leaving the plate anchor embedded (Step 2). Tension is then applied to the mooring line (Step 3), causing the plate anchor to rotate (a process also known as "keying") to be perpendicular to the direction of loading (Step 4).[9] This is done so that the maximum surface area is facing the direction of loading, maximising the resistance of the anchor.

As a suction-caisson follower is used, SEPLA anchors can be classified as direct-embedment anchors; and thus the location and depth of the anchor are known. Because of their geotechnical efficiency, SEPLA plate anchors are significantly smaller and lighter than the equivalent suction anchors, thus reducing costs.

Dynamically installed anchors

Different types of Dynamically Installed Anchors

The increased cost of installing anchors in deep water has led to the inception of dynamically penetrating anchors that embed themselves into the seabed by free-fall. These anchors typically consist of a thick-walled, steel, tubular shaft filled with scrap metal or concrete and fitted with a conical tip. Steel flukes are often attached to the shaft to improve its hydrodynamic stability and to provide additional frictional resistance against uplift after installation.[1]

The main advantage of dynamically installed anchors is that their use is not restricted by water depth. Costs are reduced, as no additional mechanical interaction is required during installation. The simple anchor design keeps fabrication and handling costs to a minimum. Additionally, the ultimate holding capacity of dynamic anchors is less dependent on the geotechnical assessment of the location, as lower shear-strengths permit greater penetration which increases the holding capacity.[11] Despite these advantages, this anchor type's major disadvantage is the degree of uncertainty in predicting embedment depth and orientation and the resultant uncertain holding capacity.

Design

Several different forms of dynamically installed anchors have been designed since their first commercial development in the 1990s. The deep-penetrating anchor (DPA) and the torpedo anchor have seen widespread adoption in offshore South American and Norwegian waters.[11] Their designs are shown in the figure with two other forms of dynamically installed anchors, namely the Omni-Max and the dynamically embedded plate anchor (DEPLA).

Deep-penetrating and torpedo anchors are designed to reach maximum velocities of 25–35 metres per second (82–115 ft/s) at the seabed, allowing for tip penetration of two to three times the anchor length, and holding capacities in the range of three to six times the weight of the anchor after soil consolidation.[1]

DEPLA components
Omni-Max Anchor[12]

The dynamically-embedded plate anchor (DEPLA) is a direct-embedment, vertically-loaded anchor that consists of a plate embedded in the seabed by the kinetic energy obtained by freefall in water. This new anchor concept has only been recently developed but has been tested both in the lab and field. The different components of the DEPLA can be seen in the labeled diagram in the figure.

The Omni-Max anchor pictured is a gravity-installed anchor that is capable of being loaded in any direction due to its 360-degree swivel feature.[12] The anchor is manufactured from high-strength steel and possesses adjustable fluke fins that can be adapted to specific soil conditions.[12]

Torpedo anchors

A torpedo anchor features a tubular steel shaft, with or without vertical steel fins, which is fitted with a conical tip and filled with scrap metal or concrete.[13] Up to 150 metres (490 ft) long, the anchor becomes completely buried within the seabed by free-fall.

Full-scale field tests were performed in water at depths of up to 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) using a 12-metre (39 ft) long, 762-millimetre (30.0 in) diameter, torpedo anchor with a dry weight of 400 kilonewtons (90,000 lbf). The torpedo anchor dropped from a height of 30 metres (98 ft) above sea level achieved 29-metre (95 ft) penetration in normally consolidated clay.[13]

Subsequent tests with a torpedo anchor, with a dry weight of 240 kilonewtons (54,000 lbf) and an average tip embedment of 20 metres (66 ft), resulted in holding capacities of approximately 4 times the anchor's dry weight immediately following installation, which approximately doubled after 10 days of soil consolidation.[13]

While the efficiencies are lower than what would be obtained with other sorts of anchor, such as a drag embedment anchor, this is compensated by the low cost of fabrication and ease of installation. Therefore, a series of torpedo anchors can be deployed for station-keeping of risers and other floating structures.[1]

Deep-penetrating anchors

A deep-penetrating anchor (DPA) is conceptually similar to a torpedo anchor: it features a dart-shaped, thick-walled, steel cylinder with flukes attached to the upper section of the anchor. A full-scale DPA is approximately 15 metres (49 ft) in length, 1.2 metres (4 ft) in diameter, and weighs on the order of 50–100 tonnes (49–98 long tons; 55–110 short tons). Its installation method is no different from that of the torpedo anchor: it is lowered to a predetermined height above the seabed and then released in free-fall to embed itself into the seabed.[1]

Anchor piles

Embedded anchor piles (driven or drilled) are required for situations where a large holding capacity is required. The design of anchor piles allows for three types of mooring configurations—vertical tethers, catenary moorings, and semi-taut/taut moorings—which are used for the mooring of offshore structures such as offshore wind turbines, floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) vessels, floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facilities, etc. An industrial example is the Ursa tension-leg platform (TLP) which has been held on-station by 16 anchor piles, each of which is 147 metres (482 ft) long, 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) in diameter, and weighs 380 tonnes (370 long tons; 420 short tons).[1]

Design

Anchor Pile Installation Methods[1]

Anchor piles are hollow steel pipes that are either driven, or inserted into a hole drilled into the seabed and then grouted, similar to pile foundations commonly used in offshore fixed structures. The figure shows the different installation methods, where in the "driven" method, the steel tube is driven mechanically by a hammer, whilst in the "drilled" method a cast in-situ pile is inserted into an oversized borehole constructed with a rotary drill and then grouted with cement. Employment of a particular method depends on the geophysical and geotechnical properties of the seabed.

Anchor piles are typically designed to resist both horizontal and vertical loads. The axial holding capacity of the anchor pile is due to the friction along the pile-soil interface, while the lateral capacity of the pile is generated by lateral soil resistance, where the anchor's orientation is critical to optimising this resistance. As a result, the location of the padeye is placed such that the force from the catenary or taut mooring will result in a moment equilibrium about the point of rotation, to achieve the optimal lateral soil resistance.[1]

Installation

Due to the slender nature of anchor piles, there are three installation issues pertaining to driven piles,[14] the first of which is the driveability of the piles at the location, or where excessive soil resistance may prevent penetration to the desired depth. The second issue is the deformation of the piles where tip collapse or buckling occurs due to excessive resistance and a deviation of pile trajectory. The third issue is the geotechnical properties of the soil. Insufficient lateral resistance by the soil may lead to a toppling of the anchor, and rocks and boulders along the penetration trajectory may lead to refusal and tip collapse.

Installation issues pertaining to drilled-and-grouted piles include borehole stability, unwanted soft cuttings at the base of the hole, hydrofracture of the soil leading to loss of grout, and thermal expansion effects.[14]

See also

  • Anchor – Device used to secure a vessel to the bed of a body of water to prevent the craft from drifting
  • Marine construction – Building structures in or adjacent to large bodies of water
  • Offshore construction – Installation of structures and facilities in a marine environment

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gourvenec, Mark; Randolph, Susan (2017). Offshore Geotechnical Engineering. [S.l.]: CRC Press. ISBN 978-113807472-9. OCLC 991684040.
  2. ^ a b c d e Charles, Aubeny (2017-09-18). Geomechanics of marine anchors. Boca Raton [Florida]. ISBN 9781351237352. OCLC 1013852232.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ Diaz, Brian D.; Rasulo, Marcus; Aubeny, Charles P.; Fontana, Casey M.; Arwade, Sanjay R.; DeGroot, Don J.; Landon, Melissa (2016). "Multiline anchors for floating offshore wind towers". OCEANS 2016 MTS/IEEE Monterey. IEEE. pp. 1–9. doi:10.1109/oceans.2016.7761374. ISBN 9781509015375. S2CID 24615355.
  4. ^ a b Aubeny, C., Gilbert, R., Randall, R., Zimmerman, E., McCarthy, K., Chen, C., Drake, A., Yeh, P., Chi, C., and Beemer, R. (2011). The Performance of Drag Embedment Anchors (DEA). Texas A & M University, United States.
  5. ^ a b Aubeny, Charles; Beemer, Ryan; Zimmerman, Evan (2009). "Soil Impact on Non-Stationary Anchor Performance". Proceedings of Offshore Technology Conference. The Offshore Technology Conference. doi:10.4043/otc-20081-ms. ISBN 9781555632441.
  6. ^ Beemer, Ryan & Aubeny, Charles & Randall, R & Drake, A. (2012). Predictive model for drag embedment anchor performance in clay seabed. Proceedings of the 17th Offshore Symposium: Pushing Boundaries in the Global Industry. A27-A34.
  7. ^ Reese, Lymon C.; José Manuel Roesset Vinuesa (1999). Analysis, design, construction, and testing of deep foundations : proceedings of the OTRC'99 Conference : honoring Lymon C. Reese : April 29-30, 1999. Reston, VA: Geo Institute, American Society of Civil Engineers. ISBN 978-0784404225. OCLC 40830075.
  8. ^ Gourvenec, Susan; Clukey, Ed (2018-01-25), "Suction Caisson Anchors", Encyclopedia of Maritime and Offshore Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 1–14, doi:10.1002/9781118476406.emoe581, ISBN 9781118476352
  9. ^ a b Blake, A.P.; O'Loughlin, C. & Gaudin, C. (2011). "Setup following keying of plate anchors assessed through centrifuge tests in kaolin clay". In Gourvenec & White (eds.). Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics II. London: Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 705–710. ISBN 978-0-415-58480-7. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  10. ^ "SEPLA Offshore Anchors". InterMoor. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  11. ^ a b O’Loughlin, Conleth D.; Richardson, Mark D.; Randolph, Mark F. (2009). "Centrifuge Tests on Dynamically Installed Anchors". Volume 7: Offshore Geotechnics; Petroleum Technology. ASME. pp. 391–399. doi:10.1115/omae2009-80238. ISBN 9780791843475.
  12. ^ a b c "OMNI-Max Anchor®". Delmar Systems. Retrieved 2018-11-17.
  13. ^ a b c Medeiros, C.J. (2002). "Low Cost Anchor System for Flexible Risers in Deep Waters". Offshore Technology Conference. doi:10.4043/14151-ms.
  14. ^ a b Schneider, James; Randolph, Mark; Stevens, Bob; Erbrich, Carl (2017-04-20), "Pile Foundations: Installation", Encyclopedia of Maritime and Offshore Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 1–19, doi:10.1002/9781118476406.emoe532, ISBN 9781118476352

Read other articles:

Air Expeditionary Wing redirects here. For the similarly named RAF unit type, see Expeditionary Air Wing. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: List of Air Expeditionary units of the United States Air Force – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove...

 

Gerakan pemberontakan ItaliaBendera Komite Pembebasan NasionalWaktu operasi1943–1945Wilayah operasiRepublik Sosial ItaliaIdeologiRepublikanisme,Anti-fasismeSekutuKekuatan sekutuLawanBlok Poros, Jerman, Republik Sosial Italia Gerakan pemberontakan Italia (Italia: Resistenza italianacode: it is deprecated atau tepatnya Resistenza) adalah sebuah istilah payung untuk kelompok-kelompok pemberontakan yang menentang pendudukan pasukan Jerman dan rezim fasis Fasis Italia dari Republik Sos...

 

Breukelen adalah sebuah bekas gemeente Belanda yang terletak di provinsi Utrecht. Pada tahun 2006 daerah ini memiliki penduduk sebesar 14.585 jiwa. Artikel bertopik geografi atau tempat Belanda ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.lbs

The Saga of the Viking Women and Their Voyage to the Waters of the Great Sea SerpentSutradaraRoger CormanPemeranAbby DaltonSusan CabotDistributorAmerican International PicturesTanggal rilis Desember 1957 (1957-12) Durasi71 menit.NegaraAmerika SerikatBahasaInggrisAnggaran$65,000 (perkiraan) The Saga of the Viking Women and Their Voyage to the Waters of the Great Sea Serpent (juga dikenal sebagai The Viking Women and the Sea Serpent) adalah film 1957 yang disutradarai oleh Roger Corman dan...

 

The sport of association football in Curaçao is run by the Curaçao Football Federation. The association administers the national football team, as well as the Curaçao League. The main annual football tournament is the Chippie Polar Cup, an annual friendly event held since 2004 which has involved clubs from the Netherlands, Brazil, Suriname, Aruba and Curaçao. The Chippie Polar Cup The tournament is organized by Project Support Curaçao NV (PSC) and the matches are held at the Ergilio Hato...

 

Canadian carsharing company This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Communauto – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) CommunautoCompany typePrivateIndustryCar sharingFounded1994 (1994)Headquarters346 Waverley St, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaArea servedQuebec: Montreal, Queb...

American animated television series The Secret SaturdaysGenreActionAdventure[1]Created byJay StephensDeveloped byBrandon SawyerJay StephensFred SchaeferDirected byScott Jeralds (also supervising director)Voices ofPhil MorrisNicole SullivanSam LernerDiedrich BaderFred TatascioreWill FriedleCorey BurtonComposerMichael TaveraCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes36 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producerJay StephensProducersScott Jeral...

 

The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 'Adam's Creation Sistine Chapel ceiling' by Michelangelo Religion (when discussed as a virtue) is a distinct moral virtue whose purpose is to render God the worship due to Him as the source of all being and the giver of all good things. As such, in Christianity i...

 

ديرفيني   تقسيم إداري البلد اليونان  [1] إحداثيات 38°08′00″N 22°25′27″E / 38.13341°N 22.42405°E / 38.13341; 22.42405   السكان التعداد السكاني 704 (resident population of Greece) (2021)1073 (resident population of Greece) (2001)979 (resident population of Greece) (1991)828 (resident population of Greece) (2011)1022 (de facto population of Greece) (1951)[2]  معلو...

Gereja di Lyskovo Eparki Lyskovo adalah sebuah eparki Gereja Ortodoks Rusia yang terletak di Lyskovo, Federasi Rusia. Eparki tersebut didirikan pada tahun 2012.[1] Referensi ^ http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/2088310.html lbsKeuskupan Gereja Ortodoks RusiaPatriark MoskwaEparki di Rusia Abakan dan Khakassia Akhtubinsk Alapayevsk Alatyr Alexdanrov Almetyevsk Amur Anadyr Ardatov Arkhangelsk Armavir Arsenyev Astrakhan Balashov Barnaul Barysh Belgorod Belyov Bezhetsk Birobidzhan Birsk Biy...

 

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (فبراير 2016) الاتحاد البحريني لكرة القدم الاتحاد البحريني لكرة القدم,، و(بالإنجليزية: Bahrain Football Association)‏  شعار الات�...

 

Військово-музичне управління Збройних сил України Тип військове формуванняЗасновано 1992Країна  Україна Емблема управління Військово-музичне управління Збройних сил України — структурний підрозділ Генерального штабу Збройних сил України призначений для планува...

Species of fish Gilded catfish Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Siluriformes Family: Pimelodidae Genus: Zungaro Species: Z. zungaro Binomial name Zungaro zungaro(Humboldt in Humboldt and Valenciennes, 1821) Subspecies Z. z. mangurus(Valenciennes, 1835) Z. z. zungaro(Humboldt, 1821) Synonyms Pimelodus zungaroHumboldt, 1821 Bagrus flavicansCastelnau, 1855 Zungaro humboldtiiBleeker, 1858 Paulicea luetkeni(Steind...

 

American soldier (1931–2021) For the college football coach, see Ernest E. West (American football). Ernest E. WestBorn(1931-09-02)September 2, 1931Russell, Kentucky, U.S.DiedMay 1, 2021(2021-05-01) (aged 89)Huntington, West Virginia, U.S.BuriedKentucky Veterans Cemetery NortheastGreenup County, KentuckyAllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States ArmyYears of service1950–1953RankPrivate first classUnit3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry RegimentBattles/warsKorean WarAwardsMedal...

 

International cricket tour Sketch of George Giffen batting in the first Test. An England cricket team toured Australia, New Zealand and the United States between September 1881 and March 1882. The tour was privately organised by the professional players James Lillywhite, junior, Alfred Shaw and Arthur Shrewsbury. In all matches other than Tests, the team was called A. Shaw's XI. In Australia, the tour itinerary consisted of seven first-class matches, including a four-match Test series against...

Heraldic term Part of a series onHeraldic achievement External devices in addition to the central coat of arms Escutcheon Field Supporter Crest Torse Mantling Helmet Crown Compartment Charge Motto (or slogan) Coat of arms Heraldry portalvte In heraldry, variations of the field are any of a number of ways that a field (or a charge) may be covered with a pattern, rather than a flat tincture or a simple division of the field. Patterning with ordinaries and subordinaries The diminutives of th...

 

TrennoVia Ratti e piazza San Giovanni Stato Italia Regione Lombardia Provincia Milano Città Milano CircoscrizioneMunicipio 8 Codice postale20151 Altitudine134 m s.l.m. Nome abitantitrennesi PatronoSan Giovanni Battista TrennoTrenno (Milano) Trenno (Trenn in dialetto milanese, AFI: [ˈtrɛn]) è un quartiere di Milano, posto nella periferia occidentale della città, appartenente al Municipio 8. Fino al 1923 Trenno costituì un comune autonomo. L'abitato è situato a circa ...

 

此條目可能包含原创研究。 (2013年2月17日)请协助補充参考资料、添加相关内联标签和删除原创研究内容以改善这篇条目。详细情况请参见讨论页。 此條目没有列出任何参考或来源。 (2013年2月17日)維基百科所有的內容都應該可供查證。请协助補充可靠来源以改善这篇条目。无法查证的內容可能會因為異議提出而被移除。 諺文優越主義,出現於韓國,認為諺文是世界上最優越�...

此條目形似新聞稿,或帶有過度的宣傳性語調。請協助以中立的觀點來撰寫本條目,非常明显的广告内容请加入{{Delete|G11}}來提请删除。 第八屆走出去戰略論壇 “走出去”是现在中华人民共和国政府现在大力支持的海外投资战略。大部分国家[哪個/哪些?]都大力支持吸引外资,然而对于海外投资通常态度审慎;但是,中国大陸对于吸引外资和海外投资的态度都是�...

 

American baseball player (1893-1979) Baseball player Alex GastonCatcherBorn: (1893-03-12)March 12, 1893New York, New YorkDied: February 8, 1979(1979-02-08) (aged 85)Marina del Rey, CaliforniaBatted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutSeptember 26, 1920, for the New York GiantsLast MLB appearanceSeptember 28, 1929, for the Boston Red SoxMLB statisticsBatting average.218Home runs3Runs batted in40 Teams New York Giants (1920–1923) Boston Red Sox (1926, 1929) Alexander...