Odzala-Kokoua National Park

Odzala-Kokoua National Park
Map showing the location of Odzala-Kokoua National Park
Map showing the location of Odzala-Kokoua National Park
LocationCuvette-Ouest Department, Republic of the Congo
Nearest cityEwo
Coordinates0°48′N 14°54′E / 0.8°N 14.9°E / 0.8; 14.9
Area13,500 km2 (5,200 sq mi)
Established1935
CriteriaNatural: ix, x
Reference692
Inscription2023 (45th Session)

Odzala-Kokoua National Park (or Odzala National Park) is a national park in the Republic of the Congo.[1][2] The park was first protected in 1935, declared a biosphere reserve in 1977, and granted official designation by presidential decree in 2001. Odzala-Kokoua has approximately 100 mammals species, and one of the continent's most diverse primate populations. The nonprofit conservation organization African Parks began managing the park in collaboration with the Ministry of Forest Economy, Sustainable Development and Environment of the Republic of the Congo in 2010.

Description

Map displaying the park's boundaries

Odzala-Kokoua is an approximately 13,500-square-kilometre (5,200 sq mi) national park and biosphere reserve in northwestern Republic of the Congo, established in 1935.[1][3][4] The park has preserved old-growth rainforest and variable terrain, ranging from 350-metre (1,150 ft) tall hills to dense jungle and numerous glades.[5] Odzala-Kokoua has dry forest, savanna, and rainforest ecosystems.[6][7] The park is managed by African Parks in partnership with the Congolese government.[1][5]

History and tourism

Odzala-Kokoua is one of Africa's oldest national parks, first protected in 1935 and given official designation by presidential decree from Denis Sassou Nguesso in 2001.[3][5] The park was designated a biosphere reserve in 1977, and administered since 1992 with financial assistance from Conservation and Rational Utilization of Forest Ecosystems in Central Africa (ECOFAC), a European Union-sponsored program that establishes a framework for conserving rainforests in the region.[8] Conservation efforts were limited during the Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–99).[8] Odzala-Kokoua was neglected for years around the time of the Ebola outbreaks,[3] and suffered from heavy poaching.[6] Tourism was limited until recently,[7] with only 50 tourists visiting Odzala-Kokoua in 2011.[6]

African Parks began managing the park in 2010,[6] as part of a 25-year agreement with the Ministry of Forest and Sustainable Development of the Republic of the Congo.[9] In 2013, African Parks, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), and the World Wide Fund for Nature entered into a five-year, $10 million agreement to collaborate and work to conserve Odzala-Kokoua and the Sangha Trinational.[2] WCS has been supporting the government's management and preservation of Odzala-Kokoua and other national parks since the early 1990s.[10] African Parks initiated Congo's first firearm amnesty program in 2013, offering poachers positions as park rangers in exchange for weapons and intelligence.[11]

According to CNN, there were 76 guards patrolling Odzala-Kokoua in early 2014.[1] Two Malinois dogs were trained to detect ivory and animal meat in 2014, in an effort to reduce poaching.[12] Despite having national park status, which protects against mining, Mongabay reported in 2016 that some mining permits issued by the government allowed mineral extraction in parts of Odzala-Kokoua.[5]

Odzala-Kokoua opened for tourist visits in August 2012. Wilderness Safaris invested in the park by improving infrastructure, constructing two luxury lodges, and providing additional training to guides and rangers.[3] The lodges took six years to become fully operational, and received funding from philanthropist Sabine Plattner,[13] the wife of German businessman Hasso Plattner.[6][14] The company's operating contract ended in 2015,[15] and the camps have since been run directly by the Congo Conservation Company, which Sabine Plattner established and funds.[16][17]

Flora and fauna

Odzala-Kokoua hosts approximately 4,500 plant and tree species.[6] The vast majority of the park's forest is open-canopy Marantaceae.[8]

Mammals

Group of four African forest elephants in the National Park

The park has approximately 100 mammal species,[14][9] and one of the continent's most diverse primate populations.[6] Odzala-Kokoua was once home to nearly 20,000 gorillas. However, during 2002–2005 a series of Ebola virus disease outbreaks killed 70–95% of the park's population.[3][6][18] In 2005, Ebola killed approximately 5,000 gorillas within a 1,042 sq mi (2,700 km2) area of the park, according to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.[2] The number of gorillas in Odzala-Kokoua has since increased, following efforts by conservation organizations and at least one tourism company to preserve and rehabilitate the park.[3]

A survey of diurnal primates, conducted during the mid 1990s, showed significant monkey populations in Republic of the Congo's forest region. Sighted species included the western lowland gorilla and central chimpanzee, as well as eight monkeys: Angolan talapoin, black crested mangabey, crested mona monkey, De Brazza's monkey, greater spot-nosed monkey, mantled guereza, moustached guenon, and Tana River mangabey.[19] The number of gorilla nests were highest in the park's open-canopy Marantaceae forest; chimpanzee nests were most abundant in closed-canopy primary and Marantaceae forests. All monkey species were found in the forest's densest areas, but only four were present in terra firma forest.[19] Odzala-Kokoua had the highest densities of western lowland gorilla and chimpanzee in Central Africa recorded to date.[9][19] High forest productivity and decreased poaching is thought to have contributed to this success.[19]

The results of a survey conducted in clearings within the northern part of the park, published in 1998, showed the presence of thirteen large mammals, the most frequent of which were the bongo, buffalo, African elephant, forest hog, giant forest hog, gorilla, and sitatunga.[20] Other mammal species recorded include the African civet,[21] African forest elephant, black-and-white colobus, and common chimpanzee.[5][14] Poaching has been attributed to the park's elephant population decline.[1] Surveys of Odzala-Kokoua's African forest elephant population resulted in estimates of approximately 18,200 and 13,500 in 2000 and 2005, respectively.[22] There were approximately 9,600 elephants, as of 2014.[11]

Spotted hyenas were reportedly abundant in the park's savanna area in 2007.[23] In 2013, the lion was considered locally extinct, as the species has not been recorded for fifteen years.[21] Survey results published in 2014 revealed the absence of lions, but at least 46 hyenas were recorded in the park's savanna ecosystem. Also, African golden cat, leopard, and serval were recorded. The decline of lion and spotted hyena populations are thought to be caused by overexploitation.[24] Antelope species include the bay duiker, black-fronted duiker, Peters' duiker, and white-bellied duiker.[25]

Several authors noted the importance of forest clearings for the park's mammal populations.[20][26]

Birds

Approximately 440 bird species have been recorded in the park.[9][27] Species include the African fish eagle, black-backed cisticola, black-throated apalis, black-winged pratincole, eastern wattled cuckooshrike, forest robin, forest wood hoopoe, great snipe, green pigeon, grey parrot, grey-headed broadbill, lesser kestrel, Pel's fishing owl,[9] pied kingfisher,[7] red-capped crombec, red-throated cliff swallow, Uganda woodland warbler, and yellow-capped weaver.[14][27] Herons, hornbills, and kingfishers are also present,[6][7][14] including the goliath heron, black dwarf hornbill, and giant kingfisher.[9] The park has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports significant populations of many bird species.[28]

Reptiles, amphibians, fish, and insects

Paratype of Petrocephalus arnegardi from Odzala-Kokua National Park, 2014
Male specimen of the moth species Grillotius bergeri, from the park

Crocodiles, lizards, and frogs live in Odzala-Kokoua.[14][9] A study published in Zootaxa in 2010 reported the presence of eleven species of Petrocephalus.[29] The distichodontid fish species Hemigrammocharax rubensteini, described in 2013, has been recorded in the park.[30] Odzala-Kokoua hosts a variety of insect species, including ants, bees, butterflies, and termites.[6][7]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Damon, Arwa; Swails, Brent (6 January 2014). "Poachers are the prey in a park in the Republic of Congo". CNN. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  2. ^ a b c "Sangha Trinational & Odzala National Park" (PDF). United States Fish and Wildlife Service. September 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Butler, Stuart (18 January 2013). "Gorilla spotting in the Republic of Congo". BBC News. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  4. ^ Sayer, Jeffrey (June 18, 1992). The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests: Africa. Springer. p. 129. ISBN 9781349129614. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d e Cannon, John C. (31 October 2016). "Brazzaville-issued mining permits dip into Congo's flagship park". Mongabay. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Knight, Sam (19 October 2012). "Gamble in the jungle". Financial Times. ISSN 0307-1766. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  7. ^ a b c d e Redmayne, Nick (6 February 2017). "Going Wild in the Republic of Congo: Not Your Typical African Walking Safari". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. ISSN 0951-9467. OCLC 185201487. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  8. ^ a b c Caldecott, Julian Oliver; Miles, Lera (2005). World Atlas of Great Apes and Their Conservation. University of California Press. p. 325. ISBN 9780520246331. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g "Secrets of the Forest". Cape Times. Sekunjalo Investments. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  10. ^ Robinson, John (1 May 2015). "Congo Shows Impressive Leadership on Wildlife Trafficking". Cape Times. Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  11. ^ a b Tanna, Asha (13 February 2014). "'Poaching is too much risk' – the pygmy poacher who became elephant protector". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  12. ^ Torchia, Christopher (30 November 2014). "S. African Dogs Trained to Fight Poaching". Sunday Gazette-Mail. Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  13. ^ Dardagan, Colleen (11 January 2013). "Education and Ecotourism in Congo". The Mercury. Sekunjalo Investments. Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Grainger, Lisa (16 January 2013). "The Congo: Gorillas in the wild". Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  15. ^ "Wilderness Collection Announces Conclusion of Operating and Marketing Contract for Odzala Wilderness Camps". Wilderness Safaris. 25 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  16. ^ "Développement touristique : la Cuvette ouest, un département potentiellement riche" (in French). Agence d'Information d'Afrique Centrale. 28 March 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  17. ^ O’Connor, Margaret (7 December 2012). "At home: Sabine Plattner". Financial Times (in French). Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  18. ^ Seppa, N. (2006). "Ebola Die-Off: Gorilla Losses Tallied in Central Africa". Science News. 170 (24): 371. doi:10.2307/4017377. ISSN 0036-8423. JSTOR 4017377. Archived from the original on 2018-03-18. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  19. ^ a b c d Bermejo, M. (1999). "Status and conservation of primates in Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo". Oryx. 33 (4): 323–331. doi:10.1017/S0030605300030726. OCLC 476155896.
  20. ^ a b Vanleeuwe, H.; Cajani, S.; Gautier-Hion, A. (1998). "Large mammals at forest clearings in the Odzala National Park, Congo" (PDF). Revue d'Écologie. 53 (2): 171–180. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  21. ^ a b Dybas, Cheryl Lyn (2013). "Leo's Star Sets in the West". Natural History. ISSN 0028-0712. Archived from the original on 2018-03-18. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  22. ^ Blanc, J. J. (2007). African Elephant Status Report 2007: An Update from the African Elephant Database. International Union for Conservation of Nature. p. 46. ISBN 9782831709703. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  23. ^ Hayward, M. W.; Somers, M. (20 April 2009). Reintroduction of Top-Order Predators. John Wiley & Sons. p. 223. ISBN 9781405192736. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  24. ^ Henschel, P.; Malanda, G.-A.; Hunter, L. (2014). "The status of savanna carnivores in the Odzala-Kokoua National Park, northern Republic of Congo". Journal of Mammalogy. 95 (4): 882–892. doi:10.1644/13-MAMM-A-306. ISSN 0022-2372. OCLC 1800234.
  25. ^ East, R. (1990). Antelopes: Global Survey and Regional Action Plans, Part 3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. p. 124. ISBN 9782831700168. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  26. ^ Vanleeuwé, H.; Gautier-Hion, A. (June 1998). "Forest elephant paths and movements at the Odzala National Park, Congo: the role of clearings and Marantaceae forests". African Journal of Ecology. 36 (2): 174–182. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.00123.x. OCLC 5022522.
  27. ^ a b "Odzala National Park complex". BirdLife International. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  28. ^ "Odzala National Park complex". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2024. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
  29. ^ Issues in Life Sciences: Zoology: 2011 Edition. ScholarlyEditions. January 9, 2012. p. 695. ISBN 9781464964381. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  30. ^ Jerep, Fernando C.; Vari, Richard P. (27 March 2013). "New Species of Hemigrammocharax (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) from the Northwestern Congo River Basin". Copeia. 2013: 31–37. doi:10.1643/CI-12-059. OCLC 01565060. S2CID 85712186. Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2017.

Further reading