The minor district (king amphoe) Nong Ruea was established in 1959 by splitting it from Mueang Khon Kaen district. On 31 January 1963, it was upgraded to a full district.
The district is divided into 10 subdistricts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 149 villages (mubans). There are three townships (thesaban tambons): Nong Ruea covers parts of tambons Nong Ruea and Nong Kae, parts of tambons Kut Kwang, Non Sa-at, and Dom Mong, and parts of Bang Kong and Chorakhe. There are a further 10 tambon administrative organizations (TAO).