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Nicolaas Jouwe
Nicolaas Jouwe
	Nicolaas Jouwe in 1962
Born	23 November 1923; Hollandia, Dutch East Indies
Died	16 September 2017 (aged 93); Jakarta, Indonesia
Resting place	Jayapura, Papua
Known for	Former independence activist, designing Morning Star flag

Nicolaas Jouwe (24 November 1923^[1]^[2] – 16 September 2017)^[3] was a Papuan leader who was selected to be vice president of the New Guinea Council that governed the Dutch colony of Netherlands New Guinea. As the president of the New Guinea Council was the Dutch civil servant Frits Sollewijn Gelpke, Jouwe was the highest ranking Papuan politician in the colony.

During Japanese occupation, He alongside Johan Ariks, Frans Kaisiepo and Markus Kaisiepo were member of Japanese Kenpeitai. In 1945 he was listed as among the students in school of bestuur in Kota NICA (Jayapura), which became the first generation of Papuan elites. Among the school students were Frans Kaisiepo, Lukas Rumkoren, Yan Waromi, Cornelis Krey, Marthen Indey, Silas Papare, G. Saweri, Samuel D. Kawab. ^[4] On 31 August 1945, during Queen Wilhelminna birthday celebration in Bosnik (East Biak), Jouwe, which at the time was known as Indonesian nationalist, alongside Corinus Krey, Frans Kaisiepo, Marcus Kaisiepo alongside others was meeting in Lukas Rumkorem's house and instead celebrate Indonesian independence ceremony. He was also a member of Komite Indonesia Merdeka (KIM), a branch of organisation supporting indonesian independence in Abepura from Melbourne, although he would later quit after it became Partai Indonesia Merdeka (PIM).^[5]

After Frans Kaisiepo used his participation in Malino Conference to popularise the name "Irian", Dutch authorities did not send any Papuan representative in the follow-up Denpasar Conference which was held from 7–24 December 1946, even though on 12 December 1946, Nicolaas Jouwe, Marthen Indey, and Corinus Krey protested this decision and sent a telegram to van Mook in Denpasar to oppose the formation of the State of East Indonesia as Western New Guinea was not eventually included under pressure of Dutch Catholic Party, although van Mook claimed that financial and ethnic issues were the reason.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] In 1947, Jouwe and Markus Kaisiepo were involved in a disagreement with PKII leader, Silas Papare, which led Papare to move to Java.^[10]

In a broader effort to dissociate Papua elite movement with the broader Indonesian movement, Dutch colonial authority remove Colonel Abdulkadir Widjojoatmodjo and began to persuade educated papuan elites to change side, among them Nicolaas Jouwe. In 1949, he was listed among the delegations in Round Table Conference in Den Haag, he was the representative for BFOs for New Guinea. In 1951 he was among the papuan leaders that opposed Indonesian efforts to integrate West Irian. He was among the founding member of Gerakan Persatuan Nieuw Guinea (GPNG). ^[4] ^[11]

In 1961 he was selected to be vice president of the New Guinea Council. In 1962, After the colony was ceded to the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority in October 1962 and subsequently to Indonesia six months later, he left New Guinea for the Netherlands, where he settled in the town of Delft. He vowed never to return to his native land if it were still occupied by Indonesia. According to his memoir, on 16 September 1962, he was invited to a secret meeting with John F. Kennedy to meet Sukarno. In this meeting, Kennedy convinced Jouwe that Papua's efforts to become independent was Dutch political ploy to separate Papua from Indonesia. Over the years he worked for Papuan independence in Netherlands, he became even convinced of this position combined with discriminatory practice of Dutch Foreign minister Joseph Luns toward Papuan delegation that he knew from his nephew, Marie Papare, Papuan delegation for Indonesia, these became his biggest motivation to return to Indonesia, later on. ^[12]

In October 2008, a documentary was broadcast on Dutch television about Jouwe's life. In it, he reiterated his stance not to return to Indonesian-administered Papua. In January 2009, he was invited by the Indonesian government to visit his ancestral land. He responded positively, and visited Papua in March 2009.^[13] About this visit a follow-up documentary was made by the same director. He finally returned to West Papua in 2010 to become an Indonesian citizen.^[14] In a lunch that was held for Mark Davies on 12 May 2014, Australian journalist of SBS, Jouwe stated "I am a leader of the National Liberation Council of West Papua. I am not a member of the OPM. In fact, The OPM was created by The Dutch in 1965 to coincide with the crackdown on the Indonesian Communist Party," he further added,"The Papuan youth who had been trained were then asked by the Netherlands to establish the OPM."^[2]

On 13 August 2014, Nicolaas Jouwe alongside Ondofolo Franzalbert Joku former OPM foreign minister, Nicholas Simione Messet former OPM diplomat in Sweden, Priest Lipiyus Biniluk, Contant Karma former vice governor and regional secretary, received an award from President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, in the form of Bintang Jasa Nararya, while former governor Abraham Octavianus Atururi received Bintang Mahaputera Utama.^[15]

Jouwe died on 16 September 2017 at the age of 93 in Jakarta, Indonesia.^[16]

References

^ Otjih Sewandarijatun (30 May 2016). "Resensi Buku: Menggugah Nasionalisme Keindonesiaan Aktivis Papua Saat Ini | Jurnal Intelijen". JurnalIntelijen.net (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Papuan Leader Says Netherlands Created OPM to Oppose Indonesia". Antara. 12 May 2014. Archived from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
^ "Nicholas Jouwe, Tokoh Legendaris Papua Tutup Usia". KabarNusantara.net (in Indonesian). 16 September 2017. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
^ ^a ^b Lumintang, Onie M. (2018). "The Resistance of People in Papua (1945–1962)". Historia: Jurnal Pendidik Dan Peneliti Sejarah. 10 (2): 47–60. doi:10.17509/historia.v10i2.12221 (inactive 1 November 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
^ Damarjati, Danu (15 December 2018). "Nicolaas Jouwe: Muda Bikin Bintang Kejora OPM, Tua Dukung NKRI". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ "Birth of New State of East Indonesia". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 31, 299. Victoria, Australia. 23 December 1946. p. 5. Retrieved 15 July 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^ Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung (1996) [1995]. From the Formation of the State of East Indonesia Towards the Establishment of the United States of Indonesia. Translated by Owens, Linda. Yayasan Obor. p. 95. ISBN 979-461-216-2.
^ "NETHERLANDS TO KEEP DUTCH N G". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 31, 298. Victoria, Australia. 21 December 1946. p. 5. Retrieved 15 July 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^ Gunawan, Restu; Leirissa, R.Z.; Haryono, P. Suryo; Lumintang, Onnie; Nurhajirini, Dwi Ratna (1997). Biografi Pahlawan Nasional: Marthin Indey dan Silas Papare (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Departmen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI Jakarta. p. 42. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
^ John Patiara; Herman Renwarin; Bondan Soedharto; M. Palangan (1983). Sejarah Perlawanan Terhadap Imperialis dan Kolonialisme di Daerah Irian Jaya (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. pp. 65–67. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2021 – via Kemdikbud.
^ Sitompul, Martin (11 May 2021). "Nicolaas Jouwe dari Papua Merdeka ke Republik Indonesia". Historia (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
^ Sitompul, Martin (15 May 2021). "Ketika Nicolaas Jouwe Bertemu Presiden Kennedy". Historia (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
^ Schouten, Elske (24 March 2009). "Praten Met Jakarta, Beter dan Strijd". NRC.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 20 July 2011.
^ "Nicolaas Jouwe: 'Papua is een onderdeel van Indonesië'". blog.indonesiepagina.nl (in Dutch). 12 January 2010. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011.
^ "Mantan Tokoh OPM Dapat Penghargaan Dari Presiden SBY". detiknews (in Indonesian). 13 August 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ "Oud-Papoealeider Nicolaas Jouwe (93) overleden". NU.nl (in Dutch). Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau. 16 September 2017. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017.

External links

Hollanddoc.nl – Koning zonder land: documentary about Jouwe's life.
Hollanddoc.nl – Land zonder koning: documentary about Jouwe's visit to Papua and Indonesia in March 2009.