The original Altstadt Church, which dated from 1264 and was located south of Königsberg Castle, was dismantled from 1826 to 1828 because of cracks and sinking. Services were temporarily moved to Neurossgarten Church. The replacement church's site was chosen as the intersection of Kreytzenscher Platz and Junkerstraße north of the castle. Construction began in 1838 based on plans by Karl Friedrich Schinkel. Although the original design had to be reduced in scale because of cost, the BrickNeo-Gothic church was praised for its columns. The New Altstadt Church was dedicated in 1845, with its pulpit, choir, and altar transferred from or based on its predecessor.
The church's exterior survived the war and was in a good shape, with only the interior destroyed by the 1944 Bombing of Königsberg but it was not rebuilt by the Soviet administration in Kaliningrad after the 1945 Battle of Königsberg following a campaign to delete Königsberg's German element. The remnants of the outer walls were dismantled in 1959 and columns from its portico are included in the entrance of Kaliningrad's Baltika Stadium.