Neurogammon
Neurogammon is a computer backgammon program written by Gerald Tesauro at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center. It was the first viable computer backgammon program implemented as a neural net, and set a new standard in computer backgammon play. It won the 1st Computer Olympiad in London in 1989, handily defeating all opponents.[1] Its level of play was that of an intermediate-level human player.[2]
Neurogammon contains seven separate neural networks, each with a single hidden layer. One network makes doubling-cube decisions; the other six choose moves at different stages of the game. The networks were trained by backpropagation from transcripts of 400 games in which the author played himself. The author's move was taught as the best move in each position.
In 1992, Tesauro completed TD-Gammon, which combined a form of reinforcement learning with the human-designed input features of Neurogammon, and played at the level of a world-class human tournament player.
See also
References
- ^ Tesauro, Gerald (1989). "Neurogammon Wins Computer Olympiad" (PDF). Neural Computation. 1 (3): 321–323. doi:10.1162/neco.1989.1.3.321. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
- ^ Tesauro, Gerald (March 1995). "Temporal Difference Learning and TD-Gammon". Communications of the ACM. 38 (3): 58–68. doi:10.1145/203330.203343. Retrieved 2010-02-08.
Further reading
- Mandziuk, Jacek (2010). "CI in Games – Selected Approaches". Knowledge-Free and Learning-Based Methods in Intelligent Game Playing. Berlin: Springer. pp. 71–89. ISBN 978-3-642-11677-3.
Content Disclaimer
Informasi ini disarikan dari Wikipedia dan disajikan kembali untuk tujuan edukasi. Konten tersedia di bawah lisensi CC BY-SA 3.0. Kami tidak bertanggung jawab atas ketidakakuratan data yang bersumber dari kontribusi publik tersebut.
- The information displayed on this website is sourced in part or in whole from Wikipedia and has been adapted for the purpose of restating it. We strive to provide accurate and relevant information, however:
- There is no guarantee of absolute accuracy. Wikipedia is an open, collaborative project that can be edited by anyone, so information is subject to change.
- It is not intended to constitute professional advice. The content displayed is for informational and educational purposes only. For important decisions (e.g., medical, legal, or financial), please consult a professional.
- Content copyright. Wikipedia is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC BY-SA). This means that content may be reused with appropriate attribution and shared under a similar license.
- Responsible use. Any risk arising from the use of information from this website is entirely the responsibility of the user.