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In botany, a neophyte (from Greek νέος (néos) "new" and φυτόν (phutón) "plant") is a plant species which is not native to a geographical region and was introduced in recent history. Non-native plants that are long-established in an area are called archaeophytes. In Britain, neophytes are defined more specifically as plant species that were introduced after 1492, when Christopher Columbus arrived in the New World and the Columbian Exchange began.^[1]

Terminology

The terminology of the invasion biology is very uneven. In the English-speaking world, terms such as invasive species or the like are mainly used, which is interpreted differently and do not differentiate between different groups of animals or characteristics of the species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) differentiates in its definitions between alien species and invasive alien species; Alien species are species that have been introduced into a foreign area through human influence. The invasive attribute (invasive) species are assigned that displace native species in their new habitat.^[2]

In English, summarizing terms such as alien species (foreign species) or, in the case of suppressing potencies, invasive species (invasive species) are used without differentiating between plants, animals and fungi. However, the term "neonative" was proposed.

Definition

In addition to the inconsistency, the xenophobic connotation of invasive and alien was criticized.^[3] The neutral designation Neobiota unites all species that have colonized new areas through human influence. However, the terms with neo are not used in a completely uniform way:

According to one opinion, the terms neobiota or neophytes or neozoa apply regardless of when a species was introduced.
According to another understanding, these names only apply to species introduced from 1492 onwards. The year of the discovery of America by Columbus was chosen as the border because it marks the beginning of the intensive exchange of living beings between Europe and America. Species that were previously displaced, such as useful plants introduced during the Neolithic Revolution, are called archaeobiota or archaeophytes (plants) or archaeozoa (animals). These terms are mainly used in the German-speaking world.^[4]

The term neophytes goes back to the recognized definition by Albert Thellung from 1918, which was later modified many times.^[5]

Biological invasion

One of the most important means of transport for neobiota today is global freight traffic, which enables the unintentional displacement of neobiota. The process of immigration or introduction, establishment and expansion in the new area is called hemerochory or biological invasion. The most important vectors include cargo ships, where neobiota can be hidden in containers or cargo, for example. Aviation also continues to spread neobiota. Distribution via trade routes is mostly unintentional. There is a correlation between economic strength and the number of neobiota at the country level.^[6]

Neobiota or neophytes are usually characterized by typical properties such as adaptability, high reproductive rate and often an association with humans. Together with the susceptibility of the new area to biological invaders and the number of displaced individuals, these properties determine the probability of success with which a stable population is established after a spreading event. When humans influence the environment, organisms can spread indirectly and migrate to a new area as neobiota. For example, canal construction enables aquatic life to gain access to a new area. However, it is not always clear whether the species have spread due to anthropogenic environmental changes and are consequently classified as neobiota.^[7]

While numerous neobiota do not cause any noticeable negative effects, some established neobiota have a strongly negative influence on the biodiversity of their new habitat. The composition of the biocenosis often changes considerably, for example as a result of predation or as a result of competitive pressure. Neobiota can cause economic damage, for example as forest, bank protection and agricultural pests. They can also appear as vectors of pathogens, some of which can also attack crops, livestock and humans. After alien organisms arrive in their new environment, they can become extinct or establish themselves (establish a reproductive population). The success of the establishment depends very much on the properties of the neobiont in question.^[8]

Examples

The neophytes include ephemeral plants and newly established species. Ephemeral plants are exotics that have not been established and cannot complete their full life cycle or persist in more than one place over a series of years without direct human assistance. Examples of ephemerophytes in Western and Central Europe are: Common sunflowers, opium poppies, canary grass, tomatoes and adventives or potted main plants. Newly established plants are agriophytes with epecophytes. Examples of newly established species in western and Central Europe are: Sweet flag, Jerusalem artichoke, small balsam, cranberries, horseweed, quickweed, shaggy soldier, German chamomile, slender speedwell, and Persian speedwell.^[9]

References

^ Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society - Archaeophytes in Britain
^ Mark van Kleunen et al.: Global exchange and accumulation of non-native plants. In: Nature. Band 525, Nr. 7567, 2015, S. 100–103
^ Daniel Simberloff: Confronting introduced species: a form of xenophobia? In: Biological Invasions. Band 5, Nr. 3, 2003, S. 179–192
^ Siehe Ronaldo Sousa, Pedro Morais, Ester Dias, Carlos Antunes: Biological invasions and ecosystem functioning: time to merge. In: Biological Invasions. Band 13, Nr. 5, 2011, S. 1055–1058,
^ Franz Essl, Sven Bacher, Piero Genovesi, Philip E. Hulme, Jonathan M. Jeschke, Stelios Katsanevakis, Ingo Kowarik, Ingolf Kühn, Petr Pyšek, Wolfgang Rabitsch, Stefan Schindler, Mark van Kleunen, Montserrat Vilà, John R. U. Wilson, David M. Richardson: Which Taxa Are Alien? Criteria, Applications, and Uncertainties. In: BioScience. Band 68, Nr. 7, 2018, S. 496–509.
^ Petr Pyšek, David M. Richardson: Traits Associated with Invasiveness in Alien Plants: Where Do We Stand? In: Wolfgang Nentwig (Hrsg.): Biological invasions (= Ecological Studies. 193). Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 2007, S. 97–126
^ Jonathan B. Losos, Kenneth I. Warheit, Thomas W. Schoener: Adaptive differentiation following experimental island colonization in Anolis lizards. In: Nature. Band 387, 1997, S. 70–73
^ D. M. Richardson, P. Pyšek, M. Rejmánek, M. G. Barbour, F. D. Panetta, and C. J. West. Naturalization and Invasion of Alien Plants: Concepts and Definitions. In: ‘‘Diversity and Distributions‘‘ Band 6, 2000, S. 93–107.
^ Barbara Tokarska-Guzik. The establishment and spread of alien plant species (kenophytes) in the flora of Poland. Publishing House of the University of Warsaw, Katowice, 2005