The Nebo-M[1] or Nebo-ME (in Cyrillic: 55Ж6МЕ «Небо-МЕ», Nebo means "sky") also known as RLM-ME or 55Zh6ME (export version)[2] is an integrated multi-functional radar system that features a multiple programmable multi-band design radars and a central data fusion. The radar began to be investigated in 1984. The radar complex is made up of a command post module and one to three different radars which are deployed on separate 8x8 24-ton trucks. The manufacturer claims this radar system can detect 5th generation aircraft like the F-22 and F-35[3] and detect long-range ballistic missile launches. Nebo-ME is an export version with some downgraded characteristics.
History
System design was initiated on a mobile chassis in 1999, after NATO countries intervened in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, in which the stealth F-117[4] participated - one was shot down by S-125 Neva with help of P-18 radar - Russia started to perceive stealth aircraft as a possible future threat to their security. To counter that threat, they deemed that detection of such aircraft had to be made possible at greater ranges.[5][6][7] Production started in 2010 and the system was tested on training grounds in 2011. It was publicly presented in 2012. In 2012-2013 deliveries started to the Russian Armed Forces.[8][9]
Composition and description
As a system, Nebo-M is a complex which features different radars. From the beginning, Nebo-M represented a modification and modernization of older VHF band Nebo SVU, L-band Protivnik G, and S/X-band Gamma S1 radars on mobile chassis. The designations of the newer variants are RLM-S, RLM-D, RLM-M, and the command post KU-RLK.[10][11] The full system with the maximum number of radars can be deployed in 40 minutes. At minimum deployment with one radar, the system cannot achieve full range or detect all types of air objects, however it can still trace stealth aircraft if deployed with an RLM-M. All radars from Nebo-M system can be used separately for independent deployment,[12] or as pairs.
Nebo-M can exchange observed information with antiaircraft missile systems like Pantsir missile system, S-300, and S-400 or others in order to guide them towards threats.
RLM-M (in Cyrillic: «РЛМ-М» «РЛС метрового диапазона») or 55Zh6UME (export version RLM-ME) or Nebo-U and modernized variant Nebo-UM is 3-D VHF and UHF acquisition radar[13] and main component of Nebo-M system. It is the successor to the old 1L13 Nebo “Box Spring” radar and is easy to distinguish from it as the direction of polarization is vertical rather than horizontal. It has a range of 600 km (370 mi) and can track objects flying as fast as Mach 6.4.
RLM-M Radar
RLM-D (in Cyrillic: «РЛМ-Д» «РЛС дециметрового диапазона») or 55Zh6ME (export version RLM-DE) is L-band active electronically scanned array (AESA) mobile radar system designed based on older Protivnik G radar, and is tasked to conduct air surveillance on chassis of БАЗ-6909-015.[2] It can track targets at ranges up to 600 km (370 mi) and that fly at radial speed up to 18000 km/h.
RLM-D Radar
RLM-S (in Cyrillic: «РЛМ-С» «РЛС сантиметрового диапазона») or in export version RLM-SE also known as GAMMA-S is X-band active electronically scanned array (AESA) mobile radar system based on older Gamma S1 64Л6 radar designed to conduct air surveillance on chassis of БАЗ-6909-015.[14]
RLM-S Radar
KU-RLK (in Cyrillic: «КУ РЛК») is command posts that fuses all information's from different types of radar in single radar picture. It is based on older Fundament-1E command post and is on БАЗ-6909-015 chassis.
KU-RLK Command post
Operational deployments
The first two Nebo-M regiments were deployed in 2017 to Saint Petersburg and Kareliya.[15] In 2018, further two regiments were deployed to Crimea[16] and Penza.[17][18] In 2019, a regiment was delivered to Volga region.[19] In 2020, two regiments were deployed to the Far East and Naryan Mar.[20][21]
Another modernization of Nebo radar, Nebo-UM, that is a mobile 3D radar that works in meter range only, is being delivered to the air force since 2018. In 2018, a regiment was delivered to Voronezh[22] and Novosibirsk[23] and in 2020 to Rostov-on-Don.[24] It is a complement to Rezonans-NE fixed meter-range radars, that have been constructed in the Arctic in Zapolyarniy, Indiga, Shoyna and Nova Zemlya, with another in Gremikha under construction.[25][26]
Other sources report deliveries of Nebo-M and Nebo-UM radars already in 2015 to Eastern military district.[27]
Different components of Nebo-M were deployed in Syria, where they were reported to have been used to track, among others, F-35 and F-22 (although the reports were from Russian sources). [28]
In August 2023, a Nebo-M operated by the Russian Aerospace Forces' 3rd Radio Engineering Regiment on the Tarkhankut Peninsula in western Crimea, near Olenivka village, were the target of a Ukrainian boat raid.[29] The Ukrainians blew up the radar system consisting of Nebo-M and Kasta-2E.[30][31]
On October 3, 2024 Ukrainian forces claimed to have destroyed a Nebo-M radar using an ATACMS missile; the location of the attack was not specified.[32]
