The Naturmuseum Senckenberg (SMF)[7] is a museum of natural history, located in Frankfurt am Main. It is the second-largest of its kind in Germany. In 2010, almost 517,000 people visited the museum, which is owned by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society.[8] Senckenberg's slogan is "world of biodiversity".[9] As of 2019[update], the museum exhibits 18 reconstructed dinosaurs.[10]
In 1763, Johann Christian Senckenberg donated 95,000 guilders–his entire fortune–to establish a community hospital and promote scientific projects.[11][12] Senckenberg died in 1772. In 1817, 32 Frankfurt citizens founded the non-profit Senckenberg Nature Research Society, German: Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung (SGN), which is a member of the Leibniz Association.[13][14][15] Soon after, Johann Georg Neuburg [de] donated his collection of bird and mammal specimens to the society.[14] The Naturmuseum Senckenberg was founded in 1821, just four years later.[a][17] Initially located near the Eschenheimer Turm,[18] the museum moved to a new building on Senckenberganlage in 1907.[19]In 1896 a mummified Egyptian child in their collection (inventory number ÄS 18) was the subject of the first mummy X-ray.[20] During World War II, the building was partly destroyed.[b] However, the exhibits had been evacuated before.[14]
The neo-baroque building[21] housing the Senckenberg Museum was erected between 1904 and 1907 by Ludwig Neher [de] outside of the center of Frankfurt in the same area as the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, which was founded in 1914.[22] The museum is owned and operated by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society.[23] The exhibition area covers 6,000 m2 (65,000 sq ft).[24]
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As of 2018[update], the museum has been expanded to 10,000 m2 (110,000 sq ft).[c][27] New planned sections: Human, Earth, Cosmos, Future.[28][29]
The Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt has a large collection of animal, plant[31] and geology[32] exhibits from every epoch of Earth's history.
Main attraction is a Diplodocus from Bone Cabin Quarry, Wyoming,[33][34] donated by the American Museum of Natural History on the occasion of the present museum building's inauguration on 13 October 1907,[16][35][36] The 18 m (59 ft) mounted skeleton with additions contains bones of three different sauropod genera (Diplodocus and closely related Apatosaurus and Barosaurus).[33][37]
As of 2022[update], a key holding is a fossilized Psittacosaurus (specimen SMF R 4970) from Liaoning, China, with clear bristles around its tail and visible fossilized stomach contents.[38][39][40] The specimen was first reported in 2002.[39][41] The exact date and locality of the discovery within Liaoning is unknown.[38] A controversial debate about the legal ownership arose.[38][42] In 2021, researchers described its cloaca in more detail and found similarities with the body outlet of birds.[43][44][45] In 2022, for the first time a belly button was found in a dinosaur fossil.[39][46] A physical life reconstruction of the animal was prepared by paleoartist Robert Nicholls.[47][48]
Another originals are an Edmontosaurus annectens mummy (specimen SMF R 4036) from Lance Formation, Wyoming.[49][50][51] and two Triceratops skulls.[52][10] The museum bought the three specimen from fossil collector Charles Hazelius Sternberg and his sons in the early 20th century.[53][54] The museum also exhibits a cast of a complete Triceratops,[10] the museum's mascot.[55]
Big public attractions also include the casts of Tyrannosaurus rex[d] and Diplodocus longus (in front of the museum), an Iguanodon, the crested Hadrosaur Parasaurolophus and an Oviraptor.[34]
Further casts or single bones:[34]
A living reconstruction of the extinkt dodo and many other stuffed birds are shown in a permanent exhibition in the upper level.[56] Additionally, the museum owns a large and diverse collection of birds with 90,000 bird skins, 5,050 egg sets, 17,000 skeletons, and 3,375 spirit specimens (a specimen preserved in fluid).[57][58] This is 75% of the known bird species, only a minor part is exhibited.[58]
Anaconda is one of the oldest and most popular exhibits.[59] Since the remodeling finished in 2003, a new reptile exhibit addresses both the biodiversity of reptiles and amphibians and the topic of nature conservation.[60]
The museum houses many originals from the nearby Messel pit,[61] Germany's first UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site,[62] among them a predecessor to the modern horse that lived about 50 million years ago and stood less than 60 cm (24 in) tall.[63][64][65] In 2015, researchers found an foal fetus in the body of the petrified primeval horse mare.[66][67][68] Also primates, crocodiles, bats, snakes, turtles and other fossils were found at Messel pit.[69]
Display collections full of stuffed animals are arranged in the upper levels; among other things one can see one of twenty existing examples of the quagga, which has been extinct since 1883.[70][71]
The mammal collection focuses on bats, primates, rodents, and insectivores (not exhibited).[72]
Unique in Europe is a cast of the famous Lucy,[e] an almost complete skeleton of the upright, 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tall, hominid Australopithecus afarensis.[74] The exhibition also includes reconstructions of the heads of human ancestors.[74]
Bereits im Jahr davor hatten die Sternbergs in derselben Gegend zwei Triceratops-Schädel entdeckt, die sie später an Senckenberg verkauften.
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