National War Labor Board (1918–1919)

National War Labor Board
Agency overview
FormedApril 8, 1918
DissolvedMay 31, 1919
JurisdictionFederal government of the United States
HeadquartersWashington, D.C.
Employees250
Agency executive

The National War Labor Board (NWLB) was an agency of the United States government established on April 8, 1918 to mediate labor disputes during World War I.

History

The board was appointed by President Woodrow Wilson. It was composed of twelve members, including five representatives each from business and the American Federation of Labor (AFL), as well as co-chairs Frank P. Walsh and former president William Howard Taft.

The decisions of the NWLB generally supported and strengthened the position of labor. Although it opposed the disruption of war production by strikes, it supported an eight-hour day for workers, equal pay for women, and the right to organize unions and bargain collectively. Although the NWLB had no coercive enforcement power, public pressure during the war period often led to voluntary agreements between labor and employers.[1] Notably, when Western Union refused to bargain with its employees that had joined the Commercial Telegraphers Union of America, President Woodrow Wilson ordered the temporary nationalization of Western Union's vast telegram line network for the duration of the war to avoid a strike.[2] This action gave the NWLB far more power in its work for the rest of the war, and strengthened the position of labor during the time.[1]

In general, the relative strength of organized labor in America grew substantially during the war. Union membership almost doubled after the formation of the NWLB. Of note, membership in the AFL rose from two million in 1916 to over three million in 1919. By the end of the decade, fifteen percent of the nonagricultural work force was unionized.

In all, the board ruled on 1,245 cases.[3] Almost ninety percent of them sprang from worker complaints, and five skilled trades accounted for 45 percent. Of the cases, 591 were dismissed, 315 were referred to other federal labor agencies, and 520 resulted in formal awards or findings. In reaching decisions, the board was aided by an office and investigative staff of 250 people. Approximately seven hundred thousand workers in one thousand establishments were directly affected.

The board was disbanded on August 12, 1919.[4]

Membership

Meeting of the War Labor Board in New York, January 1919; co-chairs Taft and Manley are third and second from the right in the seated row, respectively

The twelve members of the board were:[5]

Following the resignation of Walsh as one of the co-chairs in December of 1918, he was replaced by his assistant Basil M. Manly.[1]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c Conner, Valerie Jean . The National War Labor Board: Stability, Social Justice, and the Voluntary State in World War I - Supplementary Volumes to the Papers of Woodrow Wilson. 1980. Reprint, UNC Press Books, 2018.
  2. ^ “PRESIDENT ORDERS LAND WIRES TAKEN over on JULY 31,” New York Times, July 24, 1918.
  3. ^ Gregg, Richard B. (1919). "The National War Labor Board". Harvard Law Review. 33 (Nov. 1919): 44. doi:10.2307/1328084. JSTOR 1328084.
  4. ^ WAGE RAISE FOR STREET CAR MEN: INCREASE IS LAST ACT OF WAR LABOR BOARD; TWO PACIFIC COAST LINES ARE AFFECTED; MUNICIPAL OWNERSHIP UNDER DISCUSSION NOW. (1919, Aug 13). Los Angeles Times (1886-1922) Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/historical-newspapers/wage-raise-street-car-men/docview/160695790/se-2
  5. ^ Encyclopedia of U.S. labor and working-class history, Volume 1 By Eric Arnesen, page 985

Further reading

  • Valerie Jean Conner, The National War Labor Board: Stability, Social Justice, and the Voluntary State in World War I. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2011.
  • Richard B. Gregg, "The National War Labor Board," Harvard Law Review, vol. 33, no. 1 (Nov. 1919), pp. 39–63. In JSTOR