Natalis Comes

Natale Conti
Title page of the second edition of
Mythologiae sive Explicationum fabularum libri decem (1568)
Born1520 (1520)
Milan
Died1582(1582-00-00) (aged 61–62)
NationalityItalian
Occupation(s)Writer, historian, mythographer

Natale Conti or Latin Natalis Comes, also Natalis de Comitibus and French Noël le Comte (1520–1582), was an Italian mythographer, poet, humanist and historian. His major work Mythologiae,[1] ten books written in Latin, was first published in Venice in 1567[2] and became a standard source for classical mythology in later Renaissance Europe. It was reprinted in numerous editions;[3] after 1583, these were appended with a treatise on the Muses by Geoffroi Linocier. By the end of the 17th century, his name was virtually synonymous with mythology: a French dictionary in defining the term mythologie noted that it was the subject written about by Natalis Comes.[4]

Conti believed that the ancient poets had meant for their presentations of myths to be read as allegory, and accordingly constructed intricate genealogical associations within which he found layers of meaning.[5] Since Conti was convinced that the lost philosophy of Classical Antiquity could be recovered through understanding these allegories, "The most apocryphical and outlandish versions of classical and pseudo-classical tales," notes Ernst Gombrich,[6] "are here displayed and commented upon as the ultimate esoteric wisdom."

Taking a Euhemeristic approach, Conti thought that the characters in myth were idealized human beings, and that the stories contained philosophical insights syncretized through the ages and veiled so that only "initiates" would grasp their true meaning. His interpretations were often shared by other Renaissance writers, notably by Francis Bacon in his long-overlooked De Sapientia Veterum, 1609.[7] In some cases, his interpretation might seem commonplace even in modern mythology: for Conti, the centaur represents "man's dual nature," both animal passions and higher intellectual faculties.[8] Odysseus, for instance, becomes an Everyman whose wanderings represent a universal life cycle:

Conti creates an ahistorical mythology that he hopes will reconnect his readers to their own primordial archetypal hero. He assumed that his readers wanted to see their reflections in the literary mirror of the archetypal Greek hero, but when gazing into such a 'mirror,' the reflection must be divested of its particular ethnicity and historicity. For Conti, myth was a literary artifact on which the mythographer could freely use his imagination to reinvent the literal subject matter into a kind of 'metatext,' which the interpreter reconstructs into his idealized self-imaging text.[9]

Despite or because of its eccentricities, the Mythologiae inspired the use of myth in various art forms. A second edition, printed in Venice in 1568 and dedicated to Charles IX, like the first edition, was popular in France, where it served as a source for the Ballet comique de la Reine (1581), part of wedding festivities at court. The Ballet was a musical drama with dancing set in an elaborate recreation of the island of Circe. The surviving text associated with the performance presents four allegorical expositions, based explicitly on Comes' work: physical or natural, moral, temporal, and logical or interpretive.[10]

The allegorization of myth was criticized during the Romantic era; Benedetto Croce said that medieval and Renaissance literature and art presented only the "impoverished shell of myth." The 16th-century mythological manuals of Conti and others came to be regarded as pedantic and lacking aesthetic or intellectual coherence.[11]

Nor were criticisms of Conti confined to later times: Joseph Scaliger, twenty years his junior, called him "an utterly useless man" and advised Setho Calvisio not to use him as a source.[12]

Conti, whose family (according to his own statement) originated in Rome, was born in Milan.[13] He described himself as "Venetian"[14] because his working life was spent in Venice.

Notes

  1. ^ In full Mythologiae sive explicationis fabularum libri decem, in quibus omnia prope Naturalis & Moralis Philosophiae dogmata contenta fuisse demonstratur
  2. ^ A supposed 1551 edition is a phantom, as Barbara Carman Garner has demonstrated (see Garner, "Francis Bacon, Natalis Comes and the Mythological Tradition", Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 33 (1970), pp. 264-291. A publication date of 1551 is still cited frequently, though erroneously, in scholarship of the late-20th and early-21st centuries.
  3. ^ H. David Brumble, "Let Us Make Gods in Our Image: Greek Myth in Medieval and Renaissance Literature," in The Cambridge Companion to Greek Mythology p. 420 online.
  4. ^ Jean Seznec, The survival of the pagan gods: the mythological tradition and its place in Renaissance humanism and art, translated by Barbara F. Sessions (Princeton University Press, 1935, 1995), p. 308, note 69.
  5. ^ Arthur B. Ferguson, Utter Antiquity: Perceptions of Prehistory in Renaissance England (Duke University Press, 1993), p. 37 online.
  6. ^ Ernst Gombrich, "The Subject of Poussin's Orion," in Symbolic Images: Studies in the art of the Renaissance II (1972), p.120 [1]
  7. ^ Charles W. Lemmi, The Classic Deities in Bacon: a study in mythological symbolism, 1933: Bacon "accepted Natale Conti as the leading light on the subject", p. 45; F.H. Anderson, The Philosophy of Francis Bacon, 1948, p. 57; Paolo Rossi (Sacha Rabinovitch, tr.) Francis Bacon: From Magic to Science (1957) 1968.
  8. ^ Jonathan Bate, Shakespeare and Ovid (Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 195, note 34 online.
  9. ^ Elliott M Simon, The Myth of Sisyphus: Renaissance Theories of Human Perfectibility (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2005), pp. 98–101 online.
  10. ^ Frances A. Yates, The French Academies of the Sixteenth Century (Taylor & Francis, 1948, 1988), pp. 237–240 online.
  11. ^ Stephen Campbell, The Cabinet of Eros: Renaissance Mythological Painting and the Studiolo of Isabella d'Este (Yale University Press, 2004), p. 7 online.
  12. ^ Jean Seznec, The survival of the pagan gods, p. 232 online.
  13. ^ Mythologiae III 17 (see p. 205).
  14. ^ For example, on the title page of his translation of Athenaeus' Deipnosophists: "Athenaei Dipnosophistarum sive coenae sapientium libri XV, Natale de Comitibus Veneto nunc primum e Graeca in Latinam linguam vertente" (Venice, 1556).

Further reading

  • Natale Conti's Mythologiae, translated and annotated by John Mulryan and Steven Brown, vol. 1-2 (Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies (ACMRS), 2006) (Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 316). ISBN 9780866983617 (Vol. 1), ISBN 9780866983617 (Vol. 2).
  • Natale Conti, Mitología, translation with notes and introduction by Rosa María Iglesias Montiel and Maria Consuelo Álvarez Morán (Universidad de Murcia, 1988). In Spanish. Navigate table of contents to download chapters.
  • Maria Consuelo Álvarez Morán and Rosa María Iglesias Montiel, "Algunas lecturas de textos latinos en la Mythologia de Natalis Comes," Cuadernos de Filología Clásica 20 (1986) 31-39, full text downloadable.
  • Maria Consuelo Álvarez Morán and Rosa María Iglesias Montiel, "Natale Conti, estudioso y transmisor de textos clásicos" in Los humanistas españoles y el humanismo europeo (Murcia, 1990), pp. 33–47.
  • Maria Consuelo Álvarez Morán, Rosa María Iglesias Montiel, "Isacius en la Mythologia de Natalis Comes", Euphrosyne 31 (2003) 395-402.
  • Virgilio Costa, "I frammenti di Filocoro tràditi da Boccaccio e Natale Conti", in E. Lanzillotta (ed.), Ricerche di Antichità e Tradizione Classica (Edizioni TORED, Tivoli [Roma], 2004), pp. 117–147.
  • Virgilio Costa, "Natale Conti e la divulgazione della mitologia classica in Europa tra Cinquecento e Seicento", in E. Lanzillotta (ed.), Ricerche di Antichità e Tradizione Classica (Edizioni TORED, Tivoli [Roma], 2004), pp. 257–311.
  • Virgilio Costa, "«Quum mendaciis fallere soleat». Ancora sui frammenti della storiografia greca tràditi da Natale Conti", in C. Braidotti - E. Dettori - E. Lanzillotta (eds.), οὐ πᾶν ἐφήμερον. Scritti in memoria di Roberto Pretagostini, vol. II (Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 2009), pp. 915–925.
  • Rosa María Iglesias Montiel and Consuelo Álvarez Morán, "Los manuales mitológicos del Renacimiento", Auster 3 (1998). 83-99.
  • Giuseppe Nastasi, "Natale Conti traduttore del Περὶ σχημάτων di Alessandro", Studi medievali e umanistici (2021), pp. 59-102.
  • Robert Thake, "A largely unexplored account of the Great Siege", Treasures of Malta, Vol XVIII No.1, (Christmas, 2011).

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