NORBIT

For the film, see Norbit (film).

In electronics, the NORBIT family of modules is a very early form (since 1960[1][2][3][4][5]) of digital logic developed by Philips (and also provided through Valvo [de] and Mullard[6][7]) that uses modules containing discrete components to build logic function blocks in resistor–transistor logic (RTL)[8][4] or diode–transistor logic (DTL) technology.

The TU60 (timer circuit) part of 60-series NORBIT 2 family vs CMOS integrated circuit

Overview

The system was originally conceived as building blocks for solid-state[3][5] hard-wired programmed logic controllers (the predecessors of programmable logic controllers (PLC)) to replace electro-mechanical relay logic in industrial control systems for process control and automation applications, similar to early Telefunken/AEG Logistat, Siemens Simatic, Brown, Boveri & Cie, ACEC Logacec or Akkord [de] Estacord systems.[3][9][10][11][12]

Each available logical function was recognizable by the color of its plastic container, black, blue, red, green, violet, etc. The most important circuit block contained a NOR gate (hence the name), but there were also blocks containing drivers, and a timer circuit similar to the later 555 timer IC.[8][13][14]

The original Norbit modules of the YL 6000 series introduced in 1960 had potted single in-line packages with up to ten long flying leads arranged in two groups of up to five leads in a row.[4][5][15] These modules were specified for frequencies of less than 1 kHz at ±24 V supply.[4][15]

Also available in 1960 were so called Combi-Element[2][1][3][13][nb 1] modules in single-in line packages with ten evenly spaced stiff leads in a row (5.08 mm / 0.2-inch pitch) for mounting on a PCB.[1][16][17][18][13][15] They were grouped in the 1-series (aka "100 kHz series")[13][nb 2] with ±6 V supply.[1][15] The newer 10-series and 20-series had similarly sized packages, but came with an additional parallel row of nine staggered leads for a total of 19 leads.[18][13] The 10-series uses germanium alloy transistors, whereas in the 20-series silicon planar transistors are used for a higher cut-off frequency of up to 1 MHz (vs. 30 kHz) and a higher allowed temperature range of +85 °C (vs. +55 °C).[18]

In 1967, the Philips/Mullard NORBIT 2[19][20][21] aka Valvo NORBIT-S[22][23][24][nb 3] family of modules was introduced, first consisting of the 60-series[25] for frequencies up to 10 kHz at a single supply voltage of 24 V,[19] only. Later, the 61-series,[19] containing thyristor trigger and control modules, was added. A 90-series[26][nb 4] became available in the mid-1970s as well. There were three basic types contained in a large (one by two inch-sized) 17 pins dual in-line package, with nine pins spaced 5.08 mm (0.2-inch) on one side and eight staggered pins on the other side.[27][28]

Modules

Original Norbit family

YL 6000 series
  • YL6000 - NOR gate (red) ("NOR")[4][15]
  • YL6001 - Emitter follower (yellow) ("EF")[4][15]
  • YL6004 - High power output (Double-sized module) ("HP")[4][15]
  • YL6005, YL6005/00 - Counter unit (triple binary) ("3C") (violet)[4][15]
  • YL6005/05 - Single divide by 2 counter (violet) ("1C")[4]
  • YL6006 - Timer (brown) ("TU")[4][15]
  • YL6007 - Chassis ("CU")[4][15]
  • YL6008 - Medium power output (orange) ("MP")[4][15]
  • YL6009 - Low power output (white) ("LP")[4][15]
  • YL6010 - Photo-electric detector head ("PD")[4][15]
  • YL6011 - Photo-electric lamp head ("PL")[4][15]
  • YL6012 - Twin 2-input NOR gate (black) ("2.2 NOR")[4][15]
YL 6100 series
  • YL6101 - Rectifier unit, 3…39V 1A[15]
  • YL6102 - Rectifier unit, 3…39V 5A[15]
  • YL6103/00 - Regulator unit, 6…30V 250mA[15]
  • YL6103/01 - Regulator unit, 1…6V 250mA[15]
  • YL6104 - Longitudinal link for regulator unit[15]
  • YL6105 - Regulator unit, 6V 150mA[15]
88930 Relay series

Used to control relays using variable-length pulse sequences (as with telephone pulse dialing).

  • 88930/30 - Input/Output unit[15]
    Filters an input pulse string and can drive two command circuits and two relay units
    Contains 1×/48, 2×/51, and 2×/57.
  • 88930/33 - Primary pulse counting unit (dual command)[15]
    Can trigger two different signals via two different pulse sequences. The number of pulses that will trigger each command is configurable.
  • 88930/36 - Dual command unit[15]
    Adds two additional commands to the /33.
  • 88930/37 - Quad command unit[15]
    Adds four additional commands to the /33.
  • 88930/39 - Output unit[15]
    Can drive two command circuits (in /36 or /37 command units) plus two /60 relay units.
    Contains 2×/51 and 2×/57.
  • 88930/42 - Empty unit[15]
    For adding custom circuitry. Comprises an empty housing, connector, and blank circuit board.
  • 88930/48 - Pulse shaper unit for /33 (no housing)[15]
  • 88930/51 - Command preparation unit (no housing)[15]
    For providing input to command units.
  • 88930/54 - Reset unit[15]
  • 88930/57 - Relay amplifier unit (no housing)[15]
    For driving a low-impedance relay such as the /60 relay block unit.
  • 88930/60 - Relay block unit[15]
    Double-pole, double throw 250V 2A relay. Accepts a /57 relay amplifier unit.
  • 88930/64 - Power supply unit[15]
    Provides 280V 45mA, 150V 2mA, 24V 750mA, and 15V 120mA.

Combi-Element family

1-series / B890000 series
  • B893000, B164903 - Twin 3-input AND gates (orange) ("2.3A1", "2x3N1")[1][15]
  • B893001, B164904 - Twin 2-input AND gates (orange) ("2.2A1", "2x2N1")[1][15]
  • B893002, 2P72729 - Twin 3-input OR gates (orange) ("2.3O1", "23O1", "2x3P1")[1][29][15]
  • B893003, 2P72730 - Twin 2-input OR gates (orange) ("2.2O1", "22O1", "2x2P1")[1][15]
  • B894002, B164910 - Twin inverter amplifier (yellow) ("2IA1", "2.IA1", "2xIA1"[1][13])[15]
  • B894005, 2P72728 - Twin inverter amplifier (yellow) ("2IA2", "2xIA2")[1][15]
  • B894001, B164909 - Twin emitter follower (yellow) ("2EF1", 2xEF1")[1][15]
  • B894003, 2P72727 - Twin emitter follower (yellow) ("2EF2", "2xEF2")[1][15]
  • B894000, B164907 - Emitter follower/inverter amplifier (yellow) ("EF1/IA1")[1][15]
  • B895000, B164901 - Pulse shaper (Schmitt trigger + amplifier) (green) ("PS1")[1][15]
  • B895001, B164908 - One-shot multivibrator ("OS1")[1][15]
  • B895003 - One-shot multivibrator ("OS2")[15]
  • B892000, B164902 - Flip-flop (red) ("FF1")[1][15]
  • B892001, 2P72707 - Shift-register Flip-flop (red) ("FF2")[1][29][15]
  • B892002 - Flip-flop (red) ("FF3")[29][15][18]
  • B892003 - Flip-flop (red) ("FF4")[15]
  • B893004, 2P72726 - Pulse logic (orange) ("PL1", "2xPL1")[1][15]
  • B893007 - Pulse logic (orange) ("2xPL2")[15]
  • B885000, B164911 - Decade counter ("DC1")[1][15]
  • B890000 - Power amplifier ("PA1")[15]
  • B896000 - Twin selector switch for core memories ("2SS1")[1]
  • B893005 - Selection gate for core memories ("SG1")[1]
  • 2P72732 - Pulse generator for core memories ("PG1")[1]
  • 2P72731 - Read amplifier for core memories ("RA1")[1]
10-series
  • 2P73701 - Flip-flop ("FF10")[18][30]
  • 2P73702 - Flip-flop ("FF11")[18][30]
  • 2P73703 - Flip-flop / Bistable multivibrator with built-in trigger gates and set-reset inputs (black) ("FF12")[13][30]
  • Dual trigger gate ("2.TG13")[18][30]
  • Dual trigger gate ("2.TG14")[18][30]
  • Quadruple trigger gate ("4.TG15")[18][30]
  • Dual positive gate inverter amplifier ("2.GI10")[18][30]
  • Dual positive gate inverter amplifier ("2.GI11")[18][30]
  • Dual positive gate inverter amplifier ("2.GI12")[18][30]
  • Gate amplifier ("GA11")[18][30]
  • One-shot multivibrator ("OS11")[18][30]
  • Timer unit ("TU10")[18][30]
  • Pulse driver ("PD11")[18][30]
  • Relay driver ("RD10")[18][30]
  • Relay driver ("RD11")[30]
  • Power amplifier ("PA10")[18][30]
  • Pulse shaper ("PS10")[18][30]
  • Numerical indicator tube driver ("ID10")[30]
20-series
  • 2P73710 - ("2.GI12", "2GI12")[18]

Norbit 2 / Norbit-S family

60-series
61-series
90-series
Accessories
  • PSU61 - Power supply[19]
  • PCB60 - Printed wiring board[19]
  • MC60 - Mounting chassis[19]
  • UMC60 - Universal mounting chassis[19]
  • MB60 - Mounting bar[19]


  • Examples of the 60-series NORBIT 2 family
  • Top view
    Top view
  • Bottom view
    Bottom view


  • Examples of Printed Circuit Boards that uses the 60-series NORBIT 2 family

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Mullard called these modules Combi-Element in the UK, whereas Philips and Valvo [de] just called them circuit blocks, but distinguished them from the original Norbit series.
  2. ^ Some later datasheets distinguished between the 100 kHz series and the 1-series.
  3. ^ So far, the assumed equivalence of Valvo [de]'s Norbit-S series with the Philips Norbit 2 series is based on their release date in 1967. Often, the modules of the newer families were still referred to as Norbits only.
  4. ^ The modules of the 90-series were grouped into the 60-series in early datasheets.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Guide to Circuit Blocks (Combi-Elements) and their use in Digital Systems and Equipment - Part IV" (PDF). Sub-Assemblies Bulletin (9). Manor Royal Crawley, Sussex, England: Mullard Equipment Limited. November 1962 [May 1960]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
  2. ^ a b "Prefabricated Electronic Bricks" (PDF). Wireless World. Technical Notebook. 66 (8): 374. August 1960. Retrieved 2018-06-20. […] ready-assembled circuit modules can cut down development time spent on a control-engineering or data processing problem by eliminating the work of designing individual circuits. A particular range made by Mullard are slim colour-coded plastics "boxes" of guaranteed performance specifications covering the commonly used circuit functions. Typical units are AND/OR gates, timing and relay-operating circuits called "Norbits" (for control purposes) and flip-flop, pulse shaper and inverter-amplifier stages called Combi elements (for digital circuits). By giving only a performance specification the manufacturers can take advantage of advances in techniques (for instance, complete solid-state circuits) without, at the same time, rendering obsolete existing apparatus. Transistors are used throughout, so that battery operation is reasonably economical, and the modules are designed to connect together compatibly in a manner suited to their functions. Norbits have long, flexible flying leads for use with terminal blocks while Combi-elements have short, stiff tinned wires suitable for fitting into printed wiring boards. […]
  3. ^ a b c d "INTERKAMA 1960 - Dusseldorf Exhibition of Automation and Instruments" (PDF). Wireless World. 66 (12): 588–589. December 1960. Retrieved 2018-06-18. […] Another point noticed was the widespread use of small-package solid-state logic (such as "and," "or," "not") and instrumentation (timers, amplifiers, etc.) units. There would seem to be a good case here for the various manufacturers to standardise practical details such as mounting, connections and power supplies so that a Siemens "Simatic," say, is directly interchangeable with an Ateliers des Constructions Electronique de Charleroi "Logacec," a Telefunken "Logistat," or a Mullard "Norbit" or "Combi-element." […]
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Norbit Sub-Assemblies YL 6000 Series (PDF). Norbit Handbook (2 ed.). Mullard Equipment Limited. February 1962. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
  5. ^ a b c "les relais statiques Norbit". Revue MBLE (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Philips Research Laboratory, Manufacture Belge de Lampes et de Materiel Electronique (MBLE Research Laboratory). September 1962. Archived from the original on 2018-06-18. Retrieved 2018-06-18. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
  6. ^ "Judicial Greffe - Trademarks Database - Individual Record - NORBITS - TM 2671 - Mullard Limited". 2003-03-26 [1967-06-27]. Archived from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
  7. ^ "Judicial Greffe - Trademarks Database - Individual Record - NORBIT - TM 2672 - Mullard Limited". 2003-03-26 [1967-06-27]. Archived from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
  8. ^ a b Pistorius, Arthur (September 2007). "Retronics - Philips 60-series NORbits (1968)". Elektor Electronics. 2007 (9): 76. Retrieved 2018-06-20. [8]
  9. ^ Estacord - Das universelle Bausteinsystem für kontaktlose Steuerungen (Catalog) (in German). Herxheim/Pfalz, Germany: Akkord-Radio GmbH [de].
  10. ^ Klingelnberg, W. Ferdinand (2013) [1967, 1960, 1939]. Pohl, Fritz; Reindl, Rudolf (eds.). Technisches Hilfsbuch (in German) (softcover reprint of 15th hardcover ed.). Springer-Verlag. p. 135. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-88367-5. ISBN 978-3-64288368-2. LCCN 67-23459. 0512.
  11. ^ Weißel, Ralph; Schubert, Franz (2013-03-07) [1995, 1990]. "4.1. Grundschaltungen mit Bipolar- und Feldeffekttransistoren". Digitale Schaltungstechnik. Springer-Lehrbuch (in German) (reprint of 2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag. p. 116. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-78387-6. ISBN 978-3-540-57012-7.
  12. ^ Walker, Mark John (2012-09-08). The Programmable Logic Controller: its prehistory, emergence and application (PDF) (PhD thesis). Department of Communication and Systems Faculty of Mathematics, Computing and Technology: The Open University. pp. 223, 269, 308. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Wylie, Andrew (2009). "Packaged circuits". Archived from the original on 2018-06-18. Retrieved 2019-06-22.
  14. ^ "Schakelen met de 60-serie NORBITs" (in Dutch). Philips. (NB. Green cover.)
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba Valvo-Taschenbuch (in German) (1964 ed.). Hamburg, Germany: Valvo GmbH. 1964. [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] (NB. An English version of this book was also available as Valvo Pocketbook.)
  16. ^ Mullard Combi Elements (PDF). Mullard. 1963 [May 1960]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
  17. ^ Gossel, Dieter; Kaps, Gerhard; Schott, Winfried (1965). "A new system of digital circuit blocks for industrial measuring and control equipment" (PDF). Philips Technical Review. 26 (4/5/6). Philips Zentrallaboratorium GmbH, Hamburg, Germany: Philips: 164–170. 621.374.32. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t van Barneveld, Evert Jan (1967). "Digital circuit blocks" (PDF). Philips Technical Review. 28 (2). Philips Electronic Components and Materials Product Division (Elcoma), Eindhoven, Netherlands: Philips: 44–56. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y NORBIT 2 and 61 SERIES - Solid state control elements - Data sheets. Mullard Limited. March 1974. TP1428. [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]
  20. ^ Philips Nederland n.v. (June 1967). "Kijk: Norbit 2 is er! Statisch schakelen is nu óók goedkoop schakelen" (PDF). Elektuur (Advertisement) (in Dutch) (54). Eindhoven, Netherlands: 604.
  21. ^ NORBIT 2 - Low Priced Static Switches. Philips. 1967.
  22. ^ Norbit-S-Kompendium (in German). Hamburg, Germany: Valvo GmbH / Curtze. April 1969. (128 pages + appendix)
  23. ^ Dokter, Folkert; Steinhauer, Jürgen (1973-06-18). "6.5. Digital modules with discrete components". Digital Electronics. Philips Technical Library (PTL) / Macmillan Education (Reprint of 1st English ed.). Eindhoven, Netherlands: The Macmillan Press Ltd. / N. V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken. pp. 226, 232. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-01417-0. ISBN 978-1-349-01419-4. SBN 333-13360-9. Retrieved 2018-07-01. (270 pages) (NB. This is based on a translation of volume I of the two-volume German edition.)
  24. ^ Dokter, Folkert; Steinhauer, Jürgen (1975) [1969]. "6.5.2 Bauformen digitaler Funktionsbausteine". Digitale Elektronik in der Meßtechnik und Datenverarbeitung: Theoretische Grundlagen und Schaltungstechnik. Philips Fachbücher (in German). Vol. I (improved and extended 5th ed.). Hamburg, Germany: Deutsche Philips GmbH. pp. 281–285. ISBN 3-87145-272-6. (xii+327+3 pages) (NB. The German edition of volume I was published in 1969, 1971, two editions in 1972, and 1975. Volume II was published in 1970, 1972, 1973, and 1975.)
  25. ^ Rosielle, C. (May 1968). Deerson, Jonathan (ed.). Control system design manual for 60-series NORbits: A Guide to the application of electronic logic circuits in industry. Philips Application Book (1 ed.). Eindhoven, Netherlands: N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken, Electronic Components and Materials Division (Elcoma), Technical Publications Department. 9399 263 016 01. [19] (233+8 pages) (NB. There exists a fourth edition from 1974 as well.)
  26. ^ Semiconductors - Part 5 - Field-effect transistors (PDF). Electronic components and materials (Elcoma) - Philips Data Handbook. Philips. October 1980. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-06-19. […] COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS (GREEN SERIES) […] Part 1 - July 1979 - CM107-79 - Assemblies for industrial use PLC modules, high noise immunity logic FZ/30 series, NORbits 60-series, 61-series, 90-series, input devices, hybrid integrated circuits, peripheral devices […]
  27. ^ Schakelen met NORBITs (in Dutch). Philips. (NB. Brown cover.)
  28. ^ Dean, K. J. (January–February 1973). "Trends in semiconductor digital circuits". Radio and Electronic Engineer. 43 (1.2). IET: 67–74. doi:10.1049/ree.1973.0011. ISSN 0033-7722. Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
  29. ^ a b c Reuvers, Paul; Simons, Marc (2018-02-24) [2017-11-28]. "Circuit Blocks". www.cryptomuseum.com. Archived from the original on 2018-06-18. Retrieved 2018-06-17.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Components and materials - Part 1: Circuit blocks, Input/Output devices (PDF). Philips Data Handbook. Philips. September 1970. 9399 261 14901. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-20. (NB. Has green cover.)

Further reading

Read other articles:

2 Timotius 3

2 Timotius 3Lembaran yang memuat 1 Timotius 2:2-6 pada Codex Coislinianus, yang dibuat sekitar tahun 550 M.KitabSurat 2 TimotiusKategoriSurat-surat PaulusBagian Alkitab KristenPerjanjian BaruUrutan dalamKitab Kristen16← pasal 2 pasal 4 → 2 Timotius 3 (disingkat 2Tim 3) adalah bagian dari Surat Paulus yang Kedua kepada Timotius dalam Perjanjian Baru di Alkitab Kristen.[1][2] Digubah oleh rasul Paulus[3] dan ditujukan kepada Timotius.[4] Teks Surat as...

 

Yatim piatu AIDS

Para anak yatim piatu AIDS di Malawi Yatim piatu AIDS adalah seorang anak yang menjadi seorang yatim piatu karena salah satu atau kedua orangtuanya meninggal akibat AIDS. Dalam statistik dari Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), World Health Organization (WHO) dan United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), istilah tersebut dipakai untuk anak yang ibunya meninggal akibat AIDS sebelum berusia 15 tahun, tanpa memandang apakah ayahnya masih hidup.[1] Referensi ^ UNAIDS.org D...

 

Budi Sulistyo

Budi Sulistyo Pa Sahli Tk. III Bid. Polkamnas Panglima TNIMasa jabatan16 Januari 2023 – 31 Mei 2023 PendahuluRonnyPenggantiHalili Informasi pribadiLahir9 Maret 1966 (umur 58)IndonesiaAlma materAkademi Angkatan Laut (1990)Karier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan LautMasa dinas1990–2024Pangkat Laksamana Muda TNINRP9841/PSatuanKorps TeknikSunting kotak info • L • B Laksamana Muda TNI (Purn.) Budi Sulistyo, M.Tr.Opsla., CHRMP. (lahir 9 Maret...

Final Piala Raja Spanyol 2003

Final Piala Raja Spanyol 2003TurnamenPiala Raja Spanyol 2002–2003 Mallorca Recreativo 3 0 Tanggal28 Juni 2003StadionStadion Manuel Martínez Valero, ElcheWasitEduardo Iturralde GonzálezPenonton38.800← 2002 2004 → Final Piala Raja Spanyol 2003 adalah pertandingan final ke-99 dari turnamen sepak bola Piala Raja Spanyol untuk menentukan juara musim 2002–2003. Pertandingan ini diikuti oleh Mallorca dan Recreativo dan diselenggarakan pada 28 Juni 2003 di Stadion Manuel Martínez V...

 

My Time (Fabolous song)

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: My Time Fabolous song – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2009 single by Fabolous featuring JeremihMy TimeSingle by Fabolous featuring Jeremihfrom the album Loso's Way ReleasedM...

 

Markus Pajur

Cet article est une ébauche concernant un coureur cycliste estonien. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?). Pour plus d’informations, voyez le projet cyclisme. Markus PajurMarkus Pajur lors du départ de Paris-Roubaix juniors 2017InformationsNom court Маркус ПаюрNaissance 23 septembre 2000 (23 ans)KiiliNationalité estonienneÉquipe actuelle EC Saint-Étienne LoireÉquipes non-UCI 2019Cycling Tartu2024-EC Saint-Étienne LoireÉquipes UCI...

Wishart distribution

Generalization of gamma distribution to multiple dimensions WishartNotation X ~ Wp(V, n)Parameters n > p − 1 degrees of freedom (real)V > 0 scale matrix (p × p pos. def)Support X(p × p) positive definite matrixPDF f X ( X ) = | X | ( n − p − 1 ) / 2 e − tr ⁡ ( V − 1 X ) / 2 2 n p 2 | V | n / 2 Γ p ( n 2 ) {\displaystyle f_{\mathbf {X} }(\mathbf {X} )={\frac {|\mathbf {X} |^{(n-p-1)/2}e^{-\operatorname {tr} (\mathbf {V} ^{-1}\mathbf {X} )/2}}...

 

List of Chinese mushrooms and fungi

East Asian mushrooms and fungi are often used in East Asian cuisine, either fresh or dried. According to Chinese traditional medicine, many types of mushroom affect the eater's physical and emotional wellbeing. List of mushrooms and fungi This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. Scientific names Commonly used names Image Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Pinyin Translation N...

 

Kyllikki Saari

Kyllikki Saari (a destra) con le sorelle Auli Kyllikki Saari (Isojoki, 6 dicembre 1935 – Isojoki, 17 maggio 1953) è stata una ragazza finlandese vittima di un omicidio all'età di 17 anni; il caso, ancora irrisolto, è tra i più noti di sempre in Finlandia[1]. Indice 1 Antefatto 2 I sospettati 2.1 Kauko Kanervo 2.2 Hans Assmann 2.3 Vihtori Lehmusviita 3 Note 4 Altri progetti Antefatto Saari fu vista viva per l'ultima volta il 17 maggio 1953. Stava tornando a casa in bicicletta da ...

Divya Mehra

This article contains too many or overly lengthy quotations. Please help summarize the quotations. Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote or excerpts to Wikisource. (July 2023) Divya MehraBorn1981 (age 42–43)Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaEducationColumbia University, University of ManitobaKnown forMultimedia artistWebsitedivyamehra.com Divya Mehra (born 1981) is a Canadian artist from Winnipeg, Manitoba.[1] Mehra's work deals with her diasporic experiences an...

 

مطرقة مخلبية

هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق معلومات مخصص إليها. مطرقة مخلب قياسية مطرقة مخلبية من القرن السادس عشر لدورر (1514) المطرقة المخلبية[1] هي مطرقة تستخدم في النجارة لقيادة المسامير أو سحبها من الخشب. ارتبطت المطرقة المخلبية بال...

 

Flip Flappers

Flip Flappersフリップフラッパーズ(Furippu Furappāzu)Logo della serie Serie TV animeAutorePure Illusionist RegiaKiyotaka Oshiyama MusicheTo-Mas StudioStudio 3Hz ReteAT-X, Tokyo MX, SUN, BS Fuji 1ª TV6 ottobre – 29 dicembre 2016 Episodi13 (completa) Rapporto16:9 Durata ep.24 min Flip Flappers (フリップフラッパーズ?, Furippu Furappāzu) è una serie televisiva anime prodotta da Infinite e realizzata da Studio 3Hz, trasmessa in Gia...

7月10日

<< 2024年7月 >> 日 一 二 三 四 五 六 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 历史上的今天 2024年 2023年 2022年 7月10日是阳历年的第191天（闰年是192天），离一年的结束还有174天。 大事记 7月10日 德國數學家卡爾·弗里德里希·高斯在他的日記中記錄下新發現：任何自然數是最多3個三角形數的和。 愛德華六世逝世後由琴·格蕾繼任成為英格蘭女王...

 

Effects of violence in mass media

Supposed links between fictional and actual violence The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The study of violence in mass media analyzes the degree of correlation between themes of violence in media sources (particularly violence in video games, television and films) with real-world aggression and violence over tim...

 

ゴジラ-1.0

ゴジラシリーズ > ゴジラ-1.0 このページのノートに、このページに関する議論があります。（2024年2月）議論の要約：受賞一覧の表について この記事は英語版の対応するページを翻訳することにより充実させることができます。（2024年7月）翻訳前に重要な指示を読むには右にある[表示]をクリックしてください。 英語版記事を日本語へ機械翻訳したバージョン（Go...

Scallywag bunker

Underground bunker Reconstruction of a Scallywag bunker at Parham Airfield Museum, Suffolk Scallywag bunker, emergency exit Scallywag bunkers or Auxiliary Unit Operational Base/OB were underground bunkers used by GHQ Auxiliary Units of the British Resistance against axis invasion of the United Kingdom.[1][2][3][4][5] Background Operational Patrols consisted of between four and eight men, often farmers or landowners. They were usually recruited from the ...

 

Battle of Graspan

Battle during the Second Boer War on November 25, 1899 Battle of GraspanPart of the Second Boer WarThe Battle of Graspan as seen from the railway stationDate25 November 1899LocationNear Ensiln, Orange Free State29°17′51.1″S 24°29′43.1″E / 29.297528°S 24.495306°E / -29.297528; 24.495306 (Battle of Graspan)Result British victoryBelligerents  United Kingdom  South African Republic Orange Free StateCommanders and leaders Lord Methuen Koos...

 

Cabanac-Cazaux

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Cabanac (homonymie) et Cazaux. Cabanac-Cazaux Administration Pays France Région Occitanie Département Haute-Garonne Arrondissement Saint-Gaudens Intercommunalité Communauté de communes Cagire Garonne Salat Maire Mandat Gilles Favarel 2020-2026 Code postal 31160 Code commune 31095 Démographie Populationmunicipale 129 hab. (2021 ) Densité 34 hab./km2 Géographie Coordonnées 43° 02′ 03″ nord, 0° 44′ 24″ e...

Makedonska republička liga

Makedonska republička ligaSport Calcio Paese Jugoslavia Repubblica Socialista di Macedonia Cadenzaannuale Partecipantimin 6 – max 18 FormulaGirone all'italiana Promozione in2. Savezna liga Retrocessione inZonske lige StoriaFondazione1944 Soppressione1992 DetentoreSasa M.K. Record vittoriePobeda (8) Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale La Makedonska republička fudbalska liga (in cirillico: Македонска републичка фудбалска лига, lega calcistica repu...

 

Ternana Calcio

Disambiguazione – Ternana rimanda qui. Se stai cercando la strada statale, vedi Strada statale 79 Ternana. Ternana CalcioCalcio Fere, Rossoverdi Segni distintiviUniformi di gara Casa Trasferta Terza divisa Colori sociali Rosso, verde SimboliViverna InnoNoi siamo la TernanaCambiaRitmo Dati societariCittàTerni Nazione Italia ConfederazioneUEFA Federazione FIGC CampionatoSerie C Fondazione1925 Rifondazione1935Rifondazione1945Rifondazione1993ProprietarioN21Holding Presidente Stef...