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NGC 6357
Emission nebula
H II region
	NGC 6357 composite image
Observation data: J2000 epoch
Right ascension	17h 24m
Declination	−34° 20′
Distance	~5900±450 ly (1800±140 pc)
Constellation	Scorpius
Designations	War and Peace Nebula, Lobster Nebula Sharpless 11, RCW 131, Gum 66, Madokami
	See also: Lists of nebulae

NGC 6357 is a diffuse nebula near NGC 6334 in the constellation Scorpius. The nebula contains many proto-stars shielded by dark discs of gas, and young stars wrapped in expanding "cocoons" or expanding gases surrounding these small stars. It is also known as the Lobster Nebula.^[4]^[5] This nebula was given the name War and Peace Nebula by the Midcourse Space Experiment scientists because of its appearance, which, in infrared images the bright, western part resembles a dove, while the eastern part looks like a skull.^[6] A petition by anime fans to rename it as the Madokami nebula, due to resemblance with a character, was unsuccessful.^[7]^[8]

It is located about 5,500 light years away from Earth.^[9]

Associated open clusters

Pismis 24

This nebula includes the open cluster Pismis 24, which is home to several massive stars. One of the brightest stars in the cluster, Pismis 24-1, was thought possibly to be the most massive on record, approaching 300 solar masses, until it was discovered to be a multiple system of at least three stars; component stars would still remain near 100 solar masses each, making them among the more massive stars on record.^[10]^[11]

G353.2+0.7

The young stellar cluster G353.2+0.7 lies east of Pismis 24 and was revealed by a Chandra X-ray image showing approximately 800 stars.^[12]

G353.1+0.6

The young stellar cluster G353.1+0.6 lies southeast of Pismis 24 and also contains approximately 800 stars detected by X-ray.^[12] The region includes several O-type stars, including [BDSB2003] 10.^[13]

Massive stars

NGC 6357 is one of the most prominent sites of massive-star formation in our neighborhood of the Milky Way. A variety of early O-type stars reside in this nebula, blowing the bubbles around the star clusters that can be seen in the molecular cloud.

Prominent stars in Pismis 24^[14]
Star name	Spectral type	Magnitude (M_bol)	Temperature^[15] (K)	Radius (`R`_☉)	Mass (`M`_☉)
WR 93 (HD 157504)	WC7	-11.2	71,000	10	120
Pismis 24-1NE	O3.5 If^*	−10.0	42,000	17	74
Pismis 24-1SW	O4 III	−9.8	41,500	16	66
Pismis 24-2	O5.5 V(f)	−8.9	40,000	12	43
Pismis 24-3	O8 V	−7.7	33,400	9	25
Pismis 24-10	O9 V	−7.2	31,500	8	20
Pismis 24-12	B1 V	−5.3	30,000	4	11
Pismis 24-13	O6.5 III((f))	−8.6	35,600	12	35
Pismis 24-15	O8 V	−7.8	33,400	10	25
Pismis 24-16	O7.5 V	−9.0	34,000	16	38
Pismis 24-17	O3.5 III	−10.1	42,700	17	78
Pismis 24-18	B0.5 V	−6.4	30,000	6	15
Pismis 24-19	B0.5 V	−5.4	30,000	4	11

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "NGC 6357". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
^ Kuhn, Michael A.; Hillenbrand, Lynne A.; Sills, Alison; Feigelson, Eric D.; Getman, Konstantin V. (2018). "Kinematics in Young Star Clusters and Associations with Gaia DR2". The Astrophysical Journal. 870 (1): 32. arXiv:1807.02115. Bibcode:2019ApJ...870...32K. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaef8c. S2CID 119328315.
^ R. W. Sinnott, ed. (1988). The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters by J. L. E. Dreyer. Sky Publishing Corporation and Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-933346-51-2.
^ ^a ^b Sample, Ian (20 February 2013). "Lobster Nebula – birthplace of stars – revealed in infrared". the Guardian.
^ "Lobster Nebula Seen with ESO's VISTA Telescope Space Wallpaper". Space.com. 25 February 2013.
^ "2MASS Picture of the Week Archive Captions".
^ "There Is A New Petition To Name A Nebula After "Ultimate Madoka"". crunchyroll.com.
^ "NGC 6357. The Lobster Nebula". astrodrudis.com.
^ "Winter Wonderland' Glows in Space as Nebula Is Wreathed in Wintry Colors". Space.com. 20 December 2016.
^ "ESA Science & Technology: Star on a Hubble diet NGC 6357". Archived from the original on 2007-04-04. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
^ Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (19 December 2006). "NASA: Massive Stars in Open Cluster Pismis 24". Astronomy Picture of the Day. NASA.
^ ^a ^b Townsley, L. K.; et al. (2014). "The Massive Star-Forming Regions Omnibus X-Ray Catalog". Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 213 (1): 1. arXiv:1403.2576. Bibcode:2014ApJS..213....1T. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/213/1/1. S2CID 76658453.
^ Damke, G.; et al. (2006). "The open cluster G353.1+0.7 in NGC6357". Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica. 26: 180. Bibcode:2006RMxAC..26..180D.
^ Fang, M.; Van Boekel, R.; King, R. R.; Henning, T.; Bouwman, J.; Doi, Y.; Okamoto, Y. K.; Roccatagliata, V.; Sicilia-Aguilar, A. (2012). "Star formation and disk properties in Pismis 24". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 539: A119. arXiv:1201.0833. Bibcode:2012A&A...539A.119F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015914. S2CID 73612793.
^ Martins, F.; Schaerer, D.; Hillier, D. J. (2005). "A new calibration of stellar parameters of Galactic O stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 436 (3): 1049–1065. arXiv:astro-ph/0503346. Bibcode:2005A&A...436.1049M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042386. S2CID 39162419.

External links

European Southern Observatory infrared image
Slate blog about the nebula
APOD Pictures:

Star Forming Region NGC 6357 showing complex interactions between interstellar winds, radiation pressures and magnetic fields.
A Massive Star in NGC 6357 with a close-up of Pismis 24.
NGC 6357: Cathedral to Massive Stars
A Massive Star in NGC 6357
NGC 6357: Cathedral to Massive Stars
NGC 6357: The Lobster Nebula

[simbad-1] "NGC 6357". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2007-05-03.

[kuhn19-2] Kuhn, Michael A.; Hillenbrand, Lynne A.; Sills, Alison; Feigelson, Eric D.; Getman, Konstantin V. (2018). "Kinematics in Young Star Clusters and Associations with Gaia DR2". The Astrophysical Journal. 870 (1): 32. arXiv:1807.02115. Bibcode:2019ApJ...870...32K. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaef8c. S2CID 119328315.

[sinnott1988-3] R. W. Sinnott, ed. (1988). The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters by J. L. E. Dreyer. Sky Publishing Corporation and Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-933346-51-2.

[theguardian.com-4] Sample, Ian (20 February 2013). "Lobster Nebula – birthplace of stars – revealed in infrared". the Guardian.

[5] "Lobster Nebula Seen with ESO's VISTA Telescope Space Wallpaper". Space.com. 25 February 2013.

[6] "2MASS Picture of the Week Archive Captions".

[7] "There Is A New Petition To Name A Nebula After "Ultimate Madoka"". crunchyroll.com.

[8] "NGC 6357. The Lobster Nebula". astrodrudis.com.

[9] "Winter Wonderland' Glows in Space as Nebula Is Wreathed in Wintry Colors". Space.com. 20 December 2016.

[ESA-10] "ESA Science & Technology: Star on a Hubble diet NGC 6357". Archived from the original on 2007-04-04. Retrieved 2007-04-11.

[11] Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (19 December 2006). "NASA: Massive Stars in Open Cluster Pismis 24". Astronomy Picture of the Day. NASA.

[townsley14-12] Townsley, L. K.; et al. (2014). "The Massive Star-Forming Regions Omnibus X-Ray Catalog". Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 213 (1): 1. arXiv:1403.2576. Bibcode:2014ApJS..213....1T. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/213/1/1. S2CID 76658453.

[Damke06-13] Damke, G.; et al. (2006). "The open cluster G353.1+0.7 in NGC6357". Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica. 26: 180. Bibcode:2006RMxAC..26..180D.

[14] Fang, M.; Van Boekel, R.; King, R. R.; Henning, T.; Bouwman, J.; Doi, Y.; Okamoto, Y. K.; Roccatagliata, V.; Sicilia-Aguilar, A. (2012). "Star formation and disk properties in Pismis 24". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 539: A119. arXiv:1201.0833. Bibcode:2012A&A...539A.119F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015914. S2CID 73612793.

[15] Martins, F.; Schaerer, D.; Hillier, D. J. (2005). "A new calibration of stellar parameters of Galactic O stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 436 (3): 1049–1065. arXiv:astro-ph/0503346. Bibcode:2005A&A...436.1049M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042386. S2CID 39162419.

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

NGC 6357

Associated open clusters

Pismis 24

G353.2+0.7

G353.1+0.6

Massive stars

See also

References

External links

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