NGC 1316

Fornax A
NGC 1316 imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationFornax
Right ascension03h 22m 41.7s[1]
Declination−37° 12′ 30″[1]
Redshift1760 ± 10 km/s[1]
Distance62.0 ± 2.9 Mly (19.0 ± 0.9 Mpc)[2][3][a]
Apparent magnitude (V)9.4[1]
Characteristics
Type(R')SAB(s)00[1]
Apparent size (V)12′.0 × 8′.5[1]
Notable featuresVery bright at radio 1.4 GHz
Other designations
Fornax A, 3FHL J0322.6-3712e, WMAP J0322-3711, AM 0320-372, GSC 07026-00055, WMAP J0322-3712, APG 154, IRAS 03208-3723, PKS 0320-374, [CAC2009] S0373 CTA 23, IRAS F03207-3723, PKS 0320-37, [CHM2007] HDC 234 J032241.78-3712295, DUGRS 357-001, 1Jy 0320-374, PMN J0321-3658, [CHM2007] LDC 249 J032241.78-3712295, 1E 0320.7-3722, 1Jy 0320-373, PSCz Q03208-3723, [FWB89] Galaxy 479, 2E 761, 1Jy 0320-37, RR95 75a, [KFM98] 5, 2E 0320.7-3723, LEDA 12651, RX J032242-37125, [LB2005] NGC 1316 X1, ESO 357-22, 2MASX J03224178-3712295, RX J0322.7-3712, [VDD93] 28, ESO-LV 357-0220, MCG-06-08-005, 1RXS J032241.8-371239, [WCO2009] J032152-370824, FCC 21, MOST 0320-373, SGC 032047-3723.2, 2FGL J0322.4-3717, MRC 0320-373, VSOP J0322-3712, 3FGL J0322.5-3721, MSH 03-3-01, WMAP 138[4]

NGC 1316 (also known as Fornax A) is a lenticular galaxy about 60 million light-years (18.4 million parsecs) away in the constellation Fornax. It is a radio galaxy and at 1400 MHz is the fourth-brightest radio source in the sky.[5]

Structure and formation

In the late 1970s, François Schweizer studied NGC 1316 extensively and found that the galaxy appeared to look like a small elliptical galaxy with some unusual dust lanes embedded within a much larger envelope of stars. The outer envelope contained many ripples, loops, and arcs. He also identified the presence of a compact disk of gas near the center that appeared inclined relative to the stars and that appeared to rotate faster than the stars (the mass-to-light ratio run in the center of NGC 1316 resembles that of many other giant ellipticals).[6] Based on these results, Schweizer considered that NGC 1316 was built up through the merger of several smaller galaxies. Such merger events may have fueled the central supermassive black hole, that has a mass estimated in 130–150 million of solar masses[7] with gas, causing the galaxy to become a radio galaxy. He also states that NGC 1316 is comparable to the giant elliptical galaxies found in the centers of other clusters of galaxies.[5] Using spectroscopy of its brightest globular clusters, the merger is estimated to have occurred ~3 billion years ago.[8] NGC 1316 spans about 50 000 light-years.[9]

It has been proposed too that NGC 1316 may be a galaxy in evolution that eventually will become a Sombrero-like system dominated by a large bulge.[10] Accuracy of such destinations and build of current and future galaxies and galactic formations and research methods are well established.

Companions and environment

The Fornax galaxy cluster with NGC 1316 (large, near middle)

NGC 1316 is located within the Fornax Cluster, a cluster of galaxies in the constellation Fornax. However, in contrast to Messier 87, which is a similar elliptical galaxy that is located in the center of the Virgo Cluster, NGC 1316 is located at the edge of the Fornax Cluster.[11]

NGC 1316 appears to be interacting with NGC 1317, a small spiral galaxy to the north. However, that small spiral galaxy does not appear to be sufficiently large enough to cause the distortions seen in the structure of this galaxy.[5]

Distance estimates

At least two methods have been used to estimate the distance to NGC 1316: surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) in 2003[2] and planetary nebula luminosity function (PNLF) in 2006.[3] Being a lenticular galaxy, it is not suitable to apply the cepheid variable method[why?]. Using SBF, a distance estimate of 20.0 ± 1.6 Mpc[2] was computed. Using PNLF, 45 planetary nebula candidates were located and a distance estimate of 17.9 +0.8
−0.9 Mpc was computed.[3] Averaged together, these two distance measurements give a combined distance estimate of 62.0 ± 2.9 Mly (19.0 ± 0.9 Mpc).[a]

Supernovae

NGC 1316 has hosted four supernovae:

  • SN 1980N (type Ia, mag. 14) was discovered by Marina Wischnjewsky on 30 November 1980.[12][13] This is sometimes referred to as "Wischnjewsky's Supernova."
  • SN 1981D (type Ia, mag. 12.7) was discovered by Robert Evans on 9 March 1981.[14][15]
  • SN 2006dd (type Ia, mag. 15) was discovered by Libert "Berto" Monard on 19 June 2006.[16][17]
  • SN 2006mr (type Ia, mag. 15.6) was discovered by Libert "Berto" Monard on 5 November 2006.[18][19][3][20] For a brief period, both SN 2006dd and SN 2006mr were visible at the same time.[21]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ average(20.0 ± 1.6, 17.9 +0.8
    −0.9    ) = ((20.0 + 17.9) / 2) ± ((1.62 + 0.82)0.5 / 2) = 19.0 ± 0.9

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 1316. Retrieved 10 July 2006.
  2. ^ a b c Jensen, Joseph B.; Tonry, John L.; Barris, Brian J.; Thompson, Rodger I.; et al. (February 2003). "Measuring Distances and Probing the Unresolved Stellar Populations of Galaxies Using Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations". Astrophysical Journal. 583 (2): 712–726. arXiv:astro-ph/0210129. Bibcode:2003ApJ...583..712J. doi:10.1086/345430. S2CID 551714.
  3. ^ a b c d Feldmeier, John J.; Jacoby, George H.; Phillips, Mark M. (2007). "Calibrating Type Ia Supernovae using the Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function I. Initial Results". The Astrophysical Journal. 657 (1): 76–94. arXiv:astro-ph/0611231. Bibcode:2007ApJ...657...76F. doi:10.1086/510897. S2CID 17109095.
  4. ^ "NGC 1316".
  5. ^ a b c F. Schweizer (1980). "An Optical Study of the Giant Radio Galaxy NGC 1316 (Fornax A)". Astrophysical Journal. 237: 303–318. Bibcode:1980ApJ...237..303S. doi:10.1086/157870.
  6. ^ Shaya, E. J.; Dowling, D. M.; Currie, D. G.; Faber, S. M.; Ajhar, E. A.; Lauer, T. R.; Groth, E. J.; Grillmair, C. J.; Lynd, R.; O'Neil, E. J. Jr. (1 June 1996). "Hubble Space Telescope Planetary Camera Images of NGC 1316 (Fornax A)". The Astronomical Journal. 111: 2212. arXiv:astro-ph/9603056. Bibcode:1996AJ....111.2212S. doi:10.1086/117955. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 119337718.
  7. ^ NOWAK N.; SAGLIA R.P.; THOMAS J.; BENDER R.; et al. (2008). "The supermassive black hole of Fornax A." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 391 (4): 1629–1649. arXiv:0809.0696. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.391.1629N. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13960.x. S2CID 16677289.
  8. ^ Goudfrooij, Paul; Alonso, M. Victoria; Maraston, Claudia; Minniti, Dante (November 2001). "The star cluster system of the 3-Gyr-old merger remnant NGC 1316: clues from optical and near-infrared photometry". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 328 (1): 237–256. arXiv:astro-ph/0107533. Bibcode:2001MNRAS.328..237G. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04860.x. S2CID 11981354.
  9. ^ NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Central NGC 1316: After Galaxies Collide (25 January 2021)
  10. ^ McNeil-Moylan, E. K.; Freeman, K. C.; Arnaboldi, M.; Gerhard, O. E.. (2012). "Planetary nebula kinematics in NGC 1316: a young Sombrero". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 539: A11. arXiv:1201.6010. Bibcode:2012A&A...539A..11M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117875. S2CID 54215156.
  11. ^ H. C. Ferguson (1989). "Population studies in groups and clusters of galaxies. II – A catalog of galaxies in the central 3.5 deg of the Fornax Cluster". Astronomical Journal. 98: 367–418. Bibcode:1989AJ.....98..367F. doi:10.1086/115152.
  12. ^ Maza, J.; Wischnjewsky, M. (1980). "Supernova in NGC 1316". International Astronomical Union Circular (3548): 1. Bibcode:1980IAUC.3548....1M.
  13. ^ "SN 1980N". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  14. ^ Cragg, T.; Evans, R.; Maza, J. (1981). "Supernova in NGC 1316". International Astronomical Union Circular (3583): 1. Bibcode:1981IAUC.3583....1C.
  15. ^ "SN 1981D". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  16. ^ Monard, L. A. G. (2006). "Supernova 2006dd in NGC 1316". Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams. 553: 1. Bibcode:2006CBET..553....1M.
  17. ^ "SN 2006dd". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  18. ^ Monard, L. A. G.; Folatelli, G. (2006). "Supernova 2006mr in NGC 1316". Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams. 723: 1. Bibcode:2006CBET..723....1M.
  19. ^ "SN 2006mr". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  20. ^ "Supernova 2006dd and 2006mr in NGC 1316". www.rochesterastronomy.org. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  21. ^ Bishop, David. "Bright Supernovae - 2006". Rochester Astronomy. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to NGC 1316.

Read other articles:

Assicurazione

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando il concetto di assicurazione in arrampicata e alpinismo, vedi Assicurazione (arrampicata). Con assicurazione in diritto ci si riferisce a un determinato tipo di contratto, stipulato fra un assicuratore e un assicurato, «...col quale l'assicuratore, verso il pagamento di un premio, si obbliga a rivalere l'assicurato, entro i limiti convenuti, del danno ad esso provocato da un sinistro ovvero a pagare un capitale o una rendita al verificarsi di un evento a...

 

 

2020 Rice Owls football team

American college football season 2020 Rice Owls footballConferenceConference USADivisionWest DivisionRecord2–3 (2–3 C-USA)Head coachMike Bloomgren (3rd season)Offensive coordinatorJerry Mack (3rd season)Offensive schemeMultipleDefensive coordinatorBrian Smith (3rd season)Base defenseMultiple 3–4Home stadiumRice StadiumSeasons← 20192021 → 2020 Conference USA football standings vte Conf Overall Team   W   L     W ...

 

 

Papirus 105

NaskahPapirus 105Matius 28:2-5 pada Papirus 105Matius 28:2-5 pada Papirus 105NamaP. Oxy. 4406Tanda P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 105TeksInjil Matius 27:62-64; 28:2-5Waktuabad ke-5/6Aksarabahasa YunaniDitemukanOxyrhynchus, MesirKini diSackler LibraryKutipanJ. D. Thomas, OP LXIV (1997), pp. 12-13Ukuran[22] x [12] cmJenisTeks AlexandriaKategoriI Papirus 105 (Inggris: Papyrus 105code: en is deprecated dalam penomoran Gregory-Aland), diberi kode P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 105, adal...

The Satanist (album)

2014 studio album by BehemothThe SatanistCover art (containing Nergal's blood) by Denis Forkas[1]Studio album by BehemothReleased3 February 2014RecordedFebruary – June 2013StudioHertz Studio (Białystok, Poland), RG Studio (Gdańsk, Poland)Genre Blackened death metal[2] Length44:17Language English Polish Latin Label Nuclear Blast Metal Blade Mystic JVC Kenwood Victor EVP Producer Behemoth Daniel Bergstrand Wojciech Wiesławski Sławomir Wiesławski Behemoth chronolo...

 

 

Heraklea Pontika

Heraklea PontikaἩράκλεια ΠοντικήMap yang menandakan Heraklea Pontika (dengan warna merah) selama ekspansi Romawi pada tahun 264 SMLokasi di TurkiLokasiKaradeniz Ereğli, Provinsi Zonguldak, TurkiWilayahBitiniaKoordinat41°17′5″N 31°24′53″E / 41.28472°N 31.41472°E / 41.28472; 31.41472Koordinat: 41°17′5″N 31°24′53″E / 41.28472°N 31.41472°E / 41.28472; 31.41472SejarahPendiriKolonis dari MegaraDidirikanAntara 5...

 

 

L 98-59

High proper motion red dwarf L 98-59 Observation dataEpoch J2000      Equinox J2000 Constellation Volans Right ascension 08h 18m 07.62144s[1] Declination −68° 18′ 46.8054″[1] Apparent magnitude (V) 11.69±0.05[2] Characteristics Evolutionary stage Red dwarf (main sequence) Spectral type M3V[3] B−V colour index +1.53[2] R−I colour index +1.28[2] Variable type ...

Humboldt, Saskatchewan

City in Saskatchewan, CanadaHumboldtCityCity of HumboldtCity of Humboldt welcome sign Nickname(s): 'Boldt, The 'BoldtHumboldtCoordinates: 52°12′07″N 105°07′23″W / 52.20194°N 105.12306°W / 52.20194; -105.12306CountryCanadaProvinceSaskatchewanRural municipalityHumboldtEstablished1875Incorporated (town)April 1, 1907Incorporated (city)November 7, 2000Government • MayorMichael Behiel (2020) • Humboldt City CouncilLarry Jorgenson Kell...

 

 

Pesta Olahraga Musim Dingin Asia 2011

Asian Games Musim Dingin VIITuan rumahAstana & Almaty, KazakhstanMotoUnity of purpose ‒ unity of spirit!Jumlah negara26[1]Jumlah atlet843[1]Jumlah disiplin11 Cabang Olahraga[2]Upacara pembukaan30 JanuariUpacara penutupan6 FebruariDibuka olehPresiden Nursultan Nazarbayev.[3]Janji atletNurbegen ZhumagaziyevTempat utamaAstana Arena (Pembukaan) Baluan Sholak Palace of Culture and Sports (Penutupan) Asian Games Musim Dingin 2011 adalah Asian Games Musim Dingin...

 

 

Damian Lewis

British actor For other people with similar names, see Damien Lewis (disambiguation). Damian LewisCBELewis in 2015BornDamian Watcyn Lewis (1971-02-11) 11 February 1971 (age 53)London, EnglandEducationGuildhall School of Music and Drama (BA)OccupationsActormusicianpresenterproducerYears active1993–presentSpouse Helen McCrory ​ ​(m. 2007; died 2021)​Children2Musical careerGenresFolk[1]jazz[1][2]roots rock[2&...

United States Department of Veterans Affairs Police

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by a...

 

 

Mill Hill Chapel

Church in West Yorkshire, EnglandMill Hill ChapelMill Hill Unitarian ChapelMill Hill ChapelLocation in Leeds53°47′48.15″N 1°32′47.93″W / 53.7967083°N 1.5466472°W / 53.7967083; -1.5466472OS grid referenceSE 29960 33473LocationLeeds City Square, West YorkshireCountryEnglandDenominationUnitarianismPrevious denominationPresbyterianismMembership27 (2017)Websitemillhillchapel.orgArchitectureFunctional statusActiveHeritage designationII*Designated26 September 196...

 

 

Cachalot-class submarine

Pair of US Navy submarines, 1933 to 1945 USS Cachalot (SS-170) the lead boat of the class Class overview NameCachalot class Builders Portsmouth Naval Shipyard Electric Boat Company Operators United States Navy Preceded byUSS Dolphin (SS-169) Succeeded byPorpoise class Built1931-1934 In commission1933-1945 Completed2 Retired2 General characteristics TypeSubmarine Displacement 1,100 long tons (1,100 t) surfaced 1,650 long tons (1,680 t) submerged Length260 ft ...

Antoine Louis Rouillé

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Rouillé (homonymie). Antoine Louis RouilléAntoine-Louis RouilléFonctionsSecrétaire d'État des Affaires étrangères24 juillet 1754 - 28 juin 1757PrésidentAcadémie des sciences1753Chrétien Guillaume de Lamoignon de MalesherbesMarc Pierre de Voyer de Paulmy d'ArgensonSecrétariat d'État de la Marine30 avril 1749 - 24 juillet 1754Titre de noblesseComteBiographieNaissance 7 juin 1689À ParisDécès 20 septembre 1761 (à 72 ans)À NeuillyNationalit�...

 

 

Roulette

Casino game of chance This article is about the casino game. For other uses, see Roulette (disambiguation). Roulette ball Gwendolen at the roulette table – 1910 illustration to George Eliot's Daniel Deronda Roulette (named after the French word meaning little wheel) is a casino game which was likely developed from the Italian game Biribi. In the game, a player may choose to place a bet on a single number, various groupings of numbers, the color red or black, whether the number is odd or eve...

 

 

Hexavalent vaccine

Single vaccine protecting against six individual diseases Hexavalent vaccineInfanrix hexa vaccine (one of two brands of the 6-in-1 vaccine used in the UK)[1]Combination ofDiphtheria vaccineVaccinePertussis vaccineVaccineTetanus vaccineVaccineHepatitis B vaccineVaccinePolio vaccineVaccineHaemophilus vaccineVaccineClinical dataTrade namesInfanrix hexa, Hexyon, Vaxelis, Hexacima, othersAHFS/Drugs.comProfessional Drug FactsLicense data US DailyMed: Vaxelis Pregnancycategory AU:&...

داوديجنغ

داوديجنغ (بlzh: 道德經)‏    المؤلف لاوتزه  اللغة الصينية الكلاسيكية  النوع الأدبي نصوص مقدسة  الموضوع فلسفة صينية،  وطاوية  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولالطاوية المفاهيم الطاو دي [الإنجليزية] ووجي [الإنجليزية] تاي تشي اليين واليانغ وو وي تشير...

 

 

Oslo

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Oslo (disambigua). Oslocomune Oslo – VedutaVeduta aerea dell'Oslofjord interno e di Oslo LocalizzazioneStato Norvegia RegioneØstlandet Contea Oslo AmministrazioneSindacoAnne Lindboe (H) dal 25-10-2023 TerritorioCoordinate59°54′48″N 10°44′20″E59°54′48″N, 10°44′20″E (Oslo) Superficie454 km² Abitanti702 543 (2022) Densità1 547,45 ab./km² Altre informazioniLingueNorvegese ...

 

 

Revolusi Mongolia 1921

Revolusi Mongolia 1921Bagian dari Revolusi 1917–23Pejuang revolusi MongoliaTanggal1 Maret – 11 Juli 1921LokasiMongolia LuarHasil Kemenangan komunis Mongolia Runtuhnya Kekhanan Bogd Berakhirnya kendali Tiongkok di Mongolia Pendirian Republik Rakyat Mongolia Soviet mulai mengendalikan MongoliaPihak terlibat Partisan Mongolia Bantuan dari: Tentara Merah Kekhanan Bogd Garda PutihTokoh dan pemimpin Damdin Sükhbaatar Bogd Khan Revolusi Mongolia 1921 adalah revolusi yang dikobarkan oleh kelompo...

إيان غوميز

إيان غوميز (بالإنجليزية: Ian Gomez)‏  معلومات شخصية الميلاد 24 ديسمبر 1965 (العمر 58 سنة)نيويورك، نيويورك، الولايات المتحدة مواطنة الولايات المتحدة  الزوجة نيا فاردالوس (5 سبتمبر 1993–)  الحياة العملية المهنة ممثل اللغة الأم الإنجليزية  اللغات الإنجليزية  سنوات النشاط 1...

 

 

Bob Dole

Bob Dole FöddRobert Joseph Dole22 juli 1923[1][2][3]Russell, Kansas, USADöd5 december 2021[4] (98 år)Washington, D.C.,[5] USABegravdArlingtonkyrkogårdenMedborgare iUSAUtbildad vidUniversity of Kansas, 1943[6]University of Arizona, 1949[6]Washburn University, filosofie kandidat, 1952[6] SysselsättningPolitiker, advokat[6], jurist[7]BefattningLedamot i Kansas House of Representatives (1951–1953)County attorney (1953–1961)Ledamot av USA:s representanthusUSA:s 87:e–90:e ...