NCR CRAM

CRAM, or Card Random-Access Memory, model 353-1, was a data storage device invented by NCR, which first appeared on their model NCR-315 mainframe computer in 1962. It was also available for NCR's third generation NCR Century series as the NCR/653-100.

A CRAM cartridge contained 256 3x14 inch cards with a PET film magnetic recording surface. Each "deck" of cards could contain up to 5.5 MB of alphanumeric characters. The cards were suspended from eight d-section rods, which were selectively rotated to release a specific card, each card having a unique pattern of notches at one end. The selected card was dropped and wrapped around a rotating drum to be read or written. Each cartridge could store 5.5 MB.

Later versions of the CRAM, the 353-2 and 353-3, used decks of 512 cards, thus doubling the storage capacity of each unit.

Each card contains seven tracks containing 1550 slabs (12 bits each). Normally the track was initialized with a four slab header containing the cartridge number (two slabs), the card number and the track number.

Cards were dropped by changing the card rods to a binary configuration and release the two outside "release" rods. Air was blown over the top of the cards to keep them separated, and to increase the dropping speed. Once on the rotating "drum" a series of positive and negative air pressure chambers pulled the card across a magnetic read-write head. After one or more passes over the head, where data is written to or read from the card, a release gate allow the card to be "thrown" along a raceway over the card deck, and onto a "loader" mechanism. The loader used a group of electro-magnetic solenoids to slam the card back onto the control rods. The unit was a monster with two large electric motors that drove four large vacuum/blowers. It was possible to have up to five cards in motion at any point in time; one dropping, one on the drum, two in the return transport, and one being loaded back onto the deck.

If the card didn't succeed in dropping there was a "magic wand" similar to a pencil available to solve the problem.

One feature of this device was the potential for a "double drop", where two cards would drop at once, due to a break in a notch on one card, or, more commonly, a card being held by one rod being dislodged by the adjacent card dropping, usually cards 000 (the deck directory card) and 001 which resulted in the necessity of recreating the directory. This would result in a high pitched noise with which operators were very familiar and could hear even outside the computer room, and damage to the cards. These were called "screamers", while the opposite problem, cards that wouldn't drop, were called "hangers".

Another interesting feature was that, should an operator accidentally drop all the cards from a cartridge, they could be replaced without worrying about order. The order of the cards was not important because of the notch encoding system.

The first CRAM units were deployed on NCR's 315 system. A second generation was deployed on the successor 615 or Century line of computers. Ed Scott wrote the CRAM software for the Century line of computers. CRAM was very successful in the 1960s, offering a fast and secure storage alternative to magnetic tape, but was superseded by the development of superior disk drive technology.

References

Product Brochure at Computer History Archive

Read other articles:

Biko 3

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. BIKO 3 Publikasi-GenreStalkerKarakteristik teknisPlatformWindows Format kode Daftar 30 Informasi tambahanSitus webillusion.jp… (Jepang) MobyGamesbiko-3 Portal permainan videoSunting di Wikidata • L • B • PWBantuan penggunaan...

 

 

Keuskupan Agung Gdańsk

Keuskupan Agung GdańskArchidioecesis GedanensisArchidiecezja GdańskaKo-Basilika Katedral Kenaikan Bunda MariaLokasiNegara PolandiaStatistikLuas2.500 km2 (970 sq mi)Populasi- Total- Katolik(per 2013)965.077900,608 (93.3%)InformasiRitusRitus LatinKatedralKatedral OliwaKonkatedralGereja Santa Maria, GdańskKepemimpinan kiniPausFransiskusUskup agunglowongAuksilierWiesław SzlachetkaZbigniew ZielińskiAdministrator apostolikJacek JezierskiEmeritusSławoj L...

 

 

Vicky McClure

Vicky McClureMcClure di penayangan perdana Svengali, Maret 2014LahirVicky Lee McClure08 Mei 1983 (umur 40)Wollaton, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, InggrisTempat tinggalNottingham, InggrisAlmamaterCentral Junior Television WorkshopPekerjaanAktris, modelTahun aktif1999–sekarangPenghargaanRTS Best Actress 2011 BAFTA Best Actress 2011 Vicky Lee McClure (lahir 8 Mei 1983) adalah aktris Inggris pemenang BAFTA yang dikenal sebagai pemeran Lol Jenkins dalam film This is England (2006) besu...

Раствор

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Раствор (значения). Запрос «Растворы» перенаправляется сюда; см. также другие значения. Эта статья должна быть полностью переписана.На странице обсуждения могут быть пояснения. Растворение поваренной соли (NaCl) в воде Вод...

 

 

Inkigayo

InkigayoLogo digunakan sejak Juni 2022GenreMusik, HiburanPresenterChoi Yeon-junWoonhakPark Ji-huNegara asalKorea SelatanBahasa asliKoreaJmlh. episode1.221 (per 31 Maret 2024)ProduksiLokasi produksiSBS Open HallDurasi70 menitRilis asliJaringanSBS (siaran langsung)SBS M (siaran tunda)SBS funE (siaran tunda)Myx TV (Amerika Serikat)One (Asia Tenggara)Moji (Indonesia)Format gambar1080iFormat audioStereoRilis15 Desember 1991 –17 Oktober 19931 Februari 1998–sekarang Nama KoreaHangulSBS 인...

 

 

فيرغينيس

فيرغينيس     الإحداثيات 44°10′01″N 73°15′20″W / 44.1669044°N 73.2556148°W / 44.1669044; -73.2556148 [1]  [2] تاريخ التأسيس 23 أكتوبر 1783[3][4]  تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[5]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة أديسون  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 2.51 ميل مربع (1 أبري...

Medea (Italie)

Cet article est une ébauche concernant une localité italienne et le Frioul-Vénétie Julienne. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Medea. Medea Administration Pays Italie Région Frioul-Vénétie Julienne  Province Gorizia  Code postal 34070 Code ISTAT 031011 Code cadastral F081 Préfixe tel. 0481 Démographie Gentilé medeensi o medeotti Population 979&#...

 

 

ResearchChannel

Educational cable television network Television channel ResearchChannelCountryUnited StatesHeadquartersSeattleHistoryLaunchedNovember 1996; 27 years ago (1996-11)Closed31 August 2010; 13 years ago (2010-08-31)AvailabilityTerrestrialKAMU-TV, KUJH-LP, KWSU-TV, KYES-TV, WPSU-TV ResearchChannel was an American educational cable television network operated by a consortium of universities, foundations, government agencies, corporations, and learned societies...

 

 

Akiko Morigami

Questa voce sull'argomento tennisti giapponesi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Akiko Morigami Akiko Morigami nel 2007 Nazionalità  Giappone Altezza 165 cm Peso 56 kg Tennis Carriera Singolare1 Vittorie/sconfitte 286–243 Titoli vinti Miglior ranking 41º (15 agosto 2005) Altri tornei  Giochi olimpici 2T (2004) Doppio1 Vittorie/sconfitte 60–95 Titoli vinti Miglior ranking 59º (30 luglio 2007) Palmarès  Giochi asiati...

Portuguese transition to democracy

Period in Portuguese history after the Carnation Revolution This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Portuguese transition to democracy – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2022) Portugal's redemocratization process started with the Carnation Revolution of 1974. It ended wi...

 

 

Trouble (film 2019)

TroubleSutradaraKevin JohnsonProduserJohn H. WilliamsDanielle SterlingSkenarioRob MuirJohn Paul MurphyHarland WilliamsPemeranSean Big Sean AndersenPamela AdlonLucy HalePenata musikJessica WeissPenyuntingJudith AllenRob NealKevin PavlovicDistributor3QU MediaVanguard AnimationWV EnterprisesCinesite StudiosFocus Features (USA)Tanggal rilis 8 Agustus 2019 (2019-08-08) (Thailand) Durasi87 menitNegaraAmerika SerikatBahasaInggrisPendapatankotor$10,798,635[1] Trouble adalah fil...

 

 

Tenri Line

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Tenri Line – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tenri LineLocal trainOverviewNative name天理線Owner Kintetsu RailwayLine numberHLocaleNara PrefectureTerminiHirahataTenriStations4Color on map   ...

Grand Prix F1 Australia 2023

Grand Prix Australia 2023 Lomba ke-3 dari 22[a] dalam Formula Satu musim 2023← Lomba sebelumnyaLomba berikutnya → Tata Letak Sirkuit Albert Park.Detail perlombaan[2][3]Tanggal 2 April 2023Nama resmi Formula 1 Rolex Australian Grand Prix 2023Lokasi Sirkuit Albert ParkMelbourne, Victoria, AustraliaSirkuit Sirkuit jalan rayaPanjang sirkuit 5.278 km (3.280 mi)Jarak tempuh 58 putaran, 306.124 km (190.217 mi)Cuaca CerahPenonton 444,631[4]Posis...

 

 

The Last Dive

Non-fiction book by Bernie Chowdhury about a double wreck diving fatality This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Last Dive – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Last Dive: A Father and Son's Fatal Descent into the Ocean's Depths...

 

 

エホバの証人

この記事は広告・宣伝活動のような記述内容になっています。ウィキペディアの方針に沿った中立的な観点の記述内容に、この記事を修正してください。露骨な広告宣伝活動には{{即時削除/全般4}}を使用して、即時削除の対象とすることができます。（2022年8月） このページのノートに、このページに関する議論があります。議論の要約：Template:宣伝によ...

Indian massacre of 1622

Powhatan attack on the English colony of Virginia Indian massacre of 1622Part of the British colonization of the Americas and the Anglo-Powhatan Wars1628 engraving of the massacre by Matthäus Merian the ElderLocationColony of VirginiaDate22 March 1622; 402 years ago (1622-03-22)[note 1]TargetEnglish settlersAttack typeMassacreDeaths347 settlersPerpetratorsPowhatan tribesmenMotiveColonial encroachment on Powhatan lands The Indian massacre of 1622 took place in the En...

 

 

Alois Hitler

Alois HitlerAlois Hitler nel 1901NascitaStrones, 7 giugno 1837 MorteLinz, 3 gennaio 1903 Cause della morteVersamento pleurico Luogo di sepolturaCimitero di Leonding, Alta Austria ReligioneCattolicesimo Dati militariPaese servito Impero austriaco Austria-Ungheria CorpoWachkörper Unitàk.k. Finanzwache Anni di servizio1855-1895 GradoUfficiale voci di militari presenti su Wikipedia Manuale Alois Hitler nell'uniforme da ufficiale Alois Hitler, nato Aloys Schicklgruber (Str...

 

 

2024 European Judo Championships – Men's 73 kg

Judo competition Judo Men's 73 kg at the 2024 European Judo ChampionshipsVenueArena ZagrebLocationZagreb, CroatiaDate26 AprilCompetitors46 from 31 nationsMedalists  Hidayet Heydarov (4th title)   Azerbaijan Danil Lavrentev Joan-Benjamin Gaba   France Lasha Shavdatuashvili   GeorgiaCompetition at external databasesLinksIJF • JudoInside← Montpellier 2023Podgorica 2025 → 2024 EuropeanJudo Cham...

Hillary Schieve

American politician Hillary SchieveSchieve in 202428th Mayor of Reno, NevadaIncumbentAssumed office November 12, 2014Preceded byBob Cashell81st President of the United States Conference of MayorsIn office2023–2024Preceded byFrancis SuarezSucceeded byAndrew GintherMember of the Reno City Councilfrom the at-large districtIn officeNovember 14, 2012 – November 12, 2014Preceded byPierre HascheffSucceeded byDavid Bobzien Personal detailsBornHillary Louise Schieve (1970-10-1...

 

 

Пэм и Томми

Пэм и Томмиангл. Pam & Tommy Жанр биографическая драма Создатели Эван Голдберг и Сет Роген Режиссёр Крейг Гиллеспи Сценарист Роб Сигел В главных ролях см. ниже Страна  США Язык английский Число сезонов 1 Число серий 8 Производство Продюсеры Меган Эллисон, Джеймс Ф�...