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Musidora
Musidora in 1916
Born	Jeanne Roques (1889-02-23)23 February 1889 Paris, French Third Republic
Died	11 December 1957(1957-12-11) (aged 68) Paris, France
Occupation(s)	Actress, director, writer
Years active	1909–1950
Spouse	Dr. Clément Marot ​ ​ (m. 1927; div. 1944)​
Children	1

Jeanne Roques (23 February 1889 – 11 December 1957), known professionally as Musidora, was a French actress, film director, and writer. She is best known for her acting in silent films, and rose to public attention for roles in the Louis Feuillade serials Les Vampires as Irma Vep and in Judex as Marie Verdier.

Born Jeanne Roques in Paris, France to music composer and theorist of socialism Jacques Roques and painter and feminist Adèle Clémence Porchez, Musidora began her career in the arts at an early age, writing her first novel at the age of fifteen and acting on the stage with the likes of Colette, one of her lifelong friends. During the very early years of French cinema Musidora began a professional collaboration with the highly successful French film director Louis Feuillade. She made her film debut in Les miseres de l'aiguille, directed by Raphael Clamour, in January 1914. The film highlights the problems of the urban women in the French working-class, and presents a new representation of the female even by the working-class movement in the early 20th century in France.^[1]

Adopting the moniker of Musidora (Greek for "gift of the muses"), after the heroine in Théophile Gautier's novel Fortunio,^[2] and affecting a unique vamp persona that would be popularized in the United States by actress Theda Bara at about the same time,^[3] Musidora soon found a foothold in the nascent medium of moving pictures. With her heavily kohled dark eyes, somewhat sinister make-up, pale skin and exotic wardrobes, Musidora quickly became a highly popular and instantly recognizable presence of European cinema.

Beginning in 1915, Musidora began appearing in the successful Feuillade-directed serial Les Vampires as Irma Vep (an anagram of "vampire"), a cabaret singer, opposite Édouard Mathé as crusading journalist Philippe Guerande. Contrary to the title, Les Vampires was not actually about vampires, but about a criminal-gang-run-secret-society inspired by the exploits of the real-life Bonnot Gang. Vep, besides playing a leading role in the Vampires' crimes, also spends two episodes under the hypnotic control of Moreno, a rival criminal who makes her his lover and induces her to assassinate the Grand Vampire.^[4]

The series was an immediate success with French cinema-goers and ran in 10 installments until 1916. After the Les Vampires serial, Musidora starred as adventuress Diana Monti (aka governess "Marie Verdier") in Judex, another popular Feuillade serial filmed in 1916 but delayed for release until 1917. Though not intended to be avant-garde, Les Vampires and Judex were lauded by Louis Aragon and Andre Breton in the 1920s for the films' elements of surprise, fantasy/science fiction, unexpected juxtapositions and visual non sequiturs. Filmmakers Fritz Lang, Luis Buñuel, Georges Franju, Alain Resnais, and Olivier Assayas have cited Les Vampires and Judex as influencing them in their desires to become directors.

At a time when many women in the film industry were confined to acting, Musidora achieved a degree of success as a producer and director. Musidora became a film producer and director under the tutelage of her mentor, Louis Feuillade. Between the late 1910s and early 1920s, she directed ten films, all of which are lost with the exception of two: 1922's Soleil et Ombre and 1924's La Terre des Taureaux, both of which were filmed in Spain. In Italy, she produced and directed La Flamme Cachee based on the work of her friend Colette. In the same year, she co-wrote (with Colette) and co-directed (with Eugenio Perego) La vagabonda based on Colette's novel of the same name.

After her career as an actress faded, she focused on writing and producing. Her last film was an homage to her mentor Feuillade titled La Magique Image in 1950, which she both directed and starred in. Late in her life, she would occasionally work in the ticket booth of the Cinémathèque Française—few patrons realized that the older woman in the foyer might be starring in the film they were watching.

Musidora died in Paris, France in 1957^[5] and was buried in the Cimetière de Bois-le-Roi.^[6][7]

Musidora married Dr. Clément Marot on 20 April 1927. The union lasted 15 years and produced one child, Clément Marot Jr. (1928–2010). The couple divorced in 1944.

• Les misères de l'aiguille (1914)
• Severo Torelli (1914)
• Les Vampires (1915)
• Judex (1916)
• The Jackals (1917)
• The Vagabond (1918)
• Mademoiselle Chiffon (1919)
• Pour don Carlos (1920) Written, co-directed, and co-starring Musidora.
• Vincenta (1920) Written, directed, and starring Musidora in the title role.
• Sol y sombra (1922) Co-written, co-directed, and co-starring Musidora.
• Le berceau de dieu (1926)

• Musidora, "Vicenta". Comoedia illustré (15 February 1920): 207-208.^[8]
• Musidora, "Comment j’ai tourné Don Carlos". Ève (30 January 1921): 10.^[8]
• Musidora-Pierre Louÿs : une amitié amoureuse : récit et correspondances, 1914–1924 OCLC 1236010043
• Musidora, "Grandes Enquètes d’Ève: Comment je suis devenue Torera". Ève (28 September 1924): 11–18.^[8]
• Musidora, "En Amour tout est possible". Paris: Éditions Eugène Figuière, 1928. OCLC 469033921
• Musidora, "Arlequin et Anabella, roman"., 1928. OCLC 469033903
• Musidora, "Paroxysmes. De l’amour à la mort". Paris: Éditions Eugène Figuière, 1934.^[8]
• Musidora, "Auréoles : poésies scandées". Paris: Éditions Arnaud, 1939. (Préface de Wilfrid Lucas.) OCLC 759756149
• Musidora, "La Vie d’une vamp", Ciné-Mondial 42–48 (12 June – 17 July 1942): n.p.^[8]
• Musidora, "La vie sentimentale de George Sand". Paris: Éditions de la Revue moderne, 1946. OCLC 66135217
• Musidora, Souvenirs sur Pierre Louÿs. Muizon: Éditions "À L’écart", 1984.^{[8][9][10][11]}
• Musidora, Interview with Renée Sylvaire. Manuscript. Committee on Historical Research Collection (Fonds Commission des Recherches Historiques), CHR29-B1. Bibliothèque du Film, Cinémathèque Française.^[8]
• Musidora, "Colette et le Cinéma Muet". In Patrick Cazals, Musidora. La dixième muse. Paris: Éditions Henry Veryier, 1978. 195–199.^[8]

• Patrick Cazals, (2020) Musidora-Pierre Louÿs: Une amitié amoureuse, Paris: Éditions du Horla.^[12]
• Aurouet, Carole; Cherqui, Marie-Claude; Véray, Laurent (29 September 2022). Musidora, qui êtes-vous?. Rome, Italy: Gremese Editore. ISBN 978-2-36677-303-3.
• Colette (2014) Un Bien Grand Amour: Lettres À Musidora 1908–1953 – L'Herne
• Förster, Annette (2017). Women in the Silent Cinema: Histories of Fame and Fate (PDF). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. doi:10.5117/9789089647191. ISBN 9789048524518. S2CID 214501361. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
• Butler, Kristine J. (31 October 2002). "Irma Vep, Vamp in the City: Mapping the Criminal Feminine in Early French Serials". Duke University Press: Books. doi:10.1215/9780822383840-008. S2CID 191874477.
• Callahan, Vicki (2001). "Screening Musidora: Inscribing Indeterminacy in Film History". Camera Obscura: Feminism, Culture, and Media Studies. 16 (3). Duke University Press: 58–81. doi:10.1215/02705346-16-3_48-59. S2CID 144978008.
• Callahan, Vicki (2005). Zones of Anxiety: Movement, Musidora, And The Crime Serials of Louis Feuillade. Contemporary Approaches to Film and Television Series. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-81432-855-2. OCLC 849944925.
• Patrick Cazals (1978). Musidora, la dixième muse (in French). Paris: Henri Veyrier. ISBN 2-85199-185-X. filmographie établie par Francis Lacassin
• Förster, Annette (2017). Women in the Silent Cinema: Histories of Fame and Fate. Framing Film. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1zqrmpg. ISBN 978-9-0896-4719-1.
• Françoise Giraudet (2012). Musidora: un certain regard (in French). Rennes: Françoise Giraudet. ISBN 978-2-9535156-3-3.
• fr:Philippe d'Hugues [in French]; fr:Michel Marmin [in French]; fr:Jean Mitry [in French]; :fr:Jacques Richard [in French] (1986). Le Cinéma français – le muet (in French). fr:Éditions Atlas. ISBN 2-7312-0462-1.
• Lacassin, Francis (November 1970) Musidora, Anthologie du cinéma, supplément à L'Avant-Scène du Cinéma n° 108,
• fr:Daniel Chocron [in French]; Fontaine de la Mare (2019). Moi Musidora, reine du cinéma (in French). Paris: La Lucarne des écrivains. ISBN 978-2-37673-023-1.^[13]
• Hélène Tierchant (2014). Musidora, la première vamp. Les influentes (in French). Paris: Éditions Télémaque. ISBN 978-2-7533-0187-0.
• Ezra, Elizabeth (1 January 2006). "The case of the phantom fetish: Louis Feuillade's Les Vampires". Screen. 47 (2): 201–211. doi:10.1093/screen/hjl016. S2CID 192240118.
• Picherit, Hervé (2018). "Making a Modernist Masterpiece: The Elusive Location of Cultural Significance in Les Vampires". Modernism/Modernity. 25 (4): 655–681. doi:10.1353/mod.2018.0054. S2CID 149666462.
• Chazal, Serge (2002). "Les Vampires". Belphégor. Littératures populaires et culture médiatique. 1 (2). hdl:10222/47655. ISSN 1499-7185.
• Keller, Damien (2010). "Les Vampires de Louis Feuillade (1915–1916) et les lettres de l'épouvante". Épistolaire. Revue de l'A.I.R.E. (in French) (36): 99.
• Lacassin, Francis (1995). Maître des lions et des vampires, Louis Feuillade (in French). P. Bordas. ISBN 978-2-86311-271-7. OCLC 34559266.
• Lascault, Gilbert (2008). Les Vampires de Louis Feuillade: soeurs et frères de l'effroi (in French). Crisnée: Yellow now. ISBN 978-2-87340-230-3. OCLC 494032698.
• Leplatre, Olivier (2012). "Le désordre à la lettre : l'anagramme dans Les Vampires de Louis Feuillade". In Boissiéras, Fabienne (ed.). Rencontres 41: Dire le désordre (in French). Classiques Garnier. ISBN 9782812408786.

Cahiers Musidora

• Les amis de Musidora (December 2016). De Jeanne Roques à Musidora. Cahiers Musidora (in French). Vol. 1. Bois-le-Roi, Seine-et-Marne: Éditions Les Amis de Musidora. ISBN 978-2-9559-6560-3.
• Les amis de Musidora (July 2018). Musidora, Colette, Feuillade, le cinéma et la Grande Guerre. Cahiers Musidora (in French). Vol. 2. Bois-le-Roi, Seine-et-Marne: Éditions Les Amis de Musidora. ISBN 978-2-9559-6561-0.
• Les amis de Musidora (March 2019). Musidora, pionnière et reine du cinéma (1916-1926), Colette, Pierre Benoît, Jaime de Lasuen, Antonio Canero, Pour Don Carlos, Sol y Sombra, La Tierra de los toros. Cahiers Musidora (in French). Vol. 3. Bois-le-Roi, Seine-et-Marne: Éditions Les Amis de Musidora. ISBN 978-2-9559-6562-7.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Musidora.

• Musidora at IMDb
• Musidora, la dixième muse (2013) at IMDb TV Documentary Movie
• Musidora Archived 3 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine at the Women Film Pioneers Project
• Musidora 1889–1957 – Encyclopedia.com
• Musidora at Find a Grave
• Musidora – Calindex
• Musidora Fonds La Cinémathèque française