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Names
	Mohmmad Ali Shah

Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
	Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar, c. 1907-09
Shah of Iran
Reign	3 January 1907 – 16 July 1909
Predecessor	Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar
Successor	Ahmad Shah Qajar
Prime Ministers	See list Mirza Nasrullah Khan; Ali-Asghar Khan Atabak; Ahmad Moshir al-Saltaneh; Abolqasem Naser al-Molk; Nezam al-Saltaneh Mafi; Ahmad Moshir al-Saltaneh; Kamran Mirza; Javad Sa'd al-Dowleh;
Born	21 June 1872; Tabriz, Azerbaijan, Persia
Died	5 April 1925 (aged 52); San Remo, Italy
Burial	Imam Hussein Shrine
Spouse	Malekeh Jahan
Issue	See below
Names
Names
	Mohmmad Ali Shah
Dynasty	Qajar
Father	Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar
Mother	Taj ol-Molouk (Umm al-Khakan)
Religion	Shia Islam
Tughra

Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar (Persian: محمدعلی شاه قاجار‎; 21 June 1872 – 5 April 1925) was the sixth shah of the Qajar dynasty and remained the Shah of Iran from 8 January 1907 until being deposed on 16 July 1909. He was furthermore the grandson of Iran’s early moderniser Amir Kabir, through maternal side.^[1]

Biography

Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar was opposed to the Persian Constitution of 1906, which had been ratified during the reign of his father, Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar. Therefore, he was frequently criticized by the publications of the period, including a weekly newspaper Musavat.^[2] In 1907, Mohammad Ali dissolved the National Consultative Assembly and declared the Constitution abolished because it was contrary to Islamic law.^[3] He bombarded the Majles (Persian parliament) with the military and political support of Russia and Britain.^[4]

In July 1909, pro-Constitution forces marched from Persia's provinces to Tehran led by Sardar As'ad, Sepehdar A'zam, Sattar Khan, Bagher Khan and Yeprem Khan, deposed the Shah, and re-established the constitution. On 16 July 1909, the parliament voted to place Mohammad Ali Shah's 11-year-old son, Ahmad Shah on the throne. Mohammad Ali Shah abdicated following the new Constitutional Revolution and he has since been remembered as a symbol of dictatorship.

Having fled to Odesa, Russia (currently Ukraine), Mohammad Ali plotted his return to power. In 1911 he landed at Astarabad, Persia, but his forces were defeated.^[3] Mohammad Ali Shah returned to Russia, then in 1920 to Constantinople (present day Istanbul) and later to San Remo, Italy, where he died on 5 April 1925. He was buried at the Shrine of Imam Husain in Karbala, Iraq. Every Shah of Persia since Mohammad Ali has died in exile.

His son and successor, Ahmad Shah Qajar was the last sovereign of the Qajar dynasty.^[5]

Honours

Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold (1900)
French Third Republic: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (1907)
Ottoman Empire: Exalted Order of the House of Osman (1905)
Russian Empire:
- Knight of the Order of St. Andrew (1905)
- Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (1905)
- Knight of the Order of the White Eagle (1905)
- Knight of the Order of Saint Stanislaus, 1st Class (1905)
- Knight of the Order of St. Anna, 1st Class (1905)

Marriages and children

Wives

Mohammad Ali Shah had two wives:

Robabeh Khanum "Malih-os-Saltaneh"
Princess Zahra Qajar "Malekeh Jahan", daughter of Kamran Mirza "Nayeb-os-Saltaneh"

Children

Mohammad Ali Shah had six sons and two daughters:

Sons

Hossein Ali Mirza "E'tezad Saltaneh"
Gholam Hossein Mirza (died in infancy)
Sultan Ahmad Mirza (later Ahmad Shah Qajar)
Mohammad Hassan Mirza
Sultan Mahmoud Mirza
Sultan Majid Mirza

Daughters

Khadijeh Khanum "Hazrat-e Ghodsieh"
Assieh Khanum

List of prime ministers

Mirza Nasrollah Khan Moshir od-Dowleh (till 17 March 1907)
Mirza Ali-Asghar Khan Amin os-Soltan (1 May 1907 – 31 August 1907)
Mohammad-Vali Khan Tonekaboni (1st Term) (13 September 1907 – 21 December 1907)
Hossein Khan Nezam os-Saltaneh Mafi (21 December 1907 – 21 May 1908)
Morteza-Qoli Khan Hedayat Sani od-Dowleh (21 May 1908 – 7 June 1908)
Prince Kamran Mirza Nayeb os-Saltaneh (7 June 1908 – 29 April 1909)

References

^ Cleveland, William L.; Bunton, Martin (1 November 2012), "America's Troubled Moment in the Middle East", The Contemporary Middle East, Routledge, pp. 218–233, ISBN 978-0-429-49290-7, retrieved 27 October 2024
^ Iago Gocheleishvili (February 2007). "Georgian Sources on the Iranian Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911): Sergo Gamdlishvili's Memoirs of the Gilan Resistance". Iranian Studies. 40 (1): 60. doi:10.1080/00210860601138632. JSTOR 4311875. S2CID 153631653.
^ ^a ^b Donzel, Emeri "van" (1994). Islamic Desk Reference. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-09738-4. p. 285-286
^ "گزارشی از سمینار 'سده انقلاب مشروطیت ایران' در لندن". BBC Persian. 24 July 2006. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
^ Soltan Ali Mirza Kadjar, 'Mohammad Ali Shah: The Man and the King', in: Qajar Studies. Travellers and Diplomats in the Qajar Era. Journal of the International Qajar Studies Association, volume VII, 2007.

External links

Iranian royalty
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar Qajar dynasty Born: 21 June 1872 Died: 5 April 1925
Preceded by Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar	Shah of Persia 1907–1909	Succeeded by Ahmad Shah Qajar