A misnomer is a name that is incorrectly or unsuitably applied.[1] Misnomers often arise because something was named long before its correct nature was known, or because an earlier form of something has been replaced by a later form to which the name no longer suitably applies. A misnomer may also be a word that is used incorrectly or misleadingly.[2] The word "misnomer" does not mean "misunderstanding" or "popular misconception",[2] and a number of misnomers remain in common usage — which is to say that a word being a misnomer does not necessarily make usage of the word incorrect.
Pars pro toto (i.e., the name of a part being applied to the whole). Holland is often used to refer to the Netherlands, while it is actually only a part of that country.
A name based on a similarity in a particular aspect (e.g., "shooting stars" look like falling stars but are actually meteors).
A difference between popular and technical meanings of a term. A koala "bear" (see below) superficially looks and acts like a bear, but is quite distinct and unrelated. Fireflies fly like flies, and ladybugs are like bugs. Botanically, peanuts are not nuts. The technical sense is often cited as "correct", but this is a matter of context.
Ambiguity. A parkway is generally a road with park-like landscaping, not a place to park. Such a term may confuse those unfamiliar with the language.
Association of a thing with a place other than its origin. Panama hats originate from Ecuador, but came to be associated with the building of the Panama Canal.
Naming particular to the originator's world view.
An unfamiliar name – perhaps foreign – or technical term re-analyzed as something more familiar (see folk etymology).
Anachronisms, juxtaposed terms from different time periods, creating chronological inconsistency.
Examples
Older name retained
The "lead" in pencils is made of graphite and clay, not lead; graphite was once believed to be lead ore. The graphite and clay mix is known as plumbago, meaning "lead ore" in Latin.
Blackboards can be black, green, red, blue, or brown.
Sticks of chalk are no longer made of chalk, but of gypsum.
Tin foil is almost always made of aluminium, whereas "tin cans" made for the storage of food products are made from steel with a thin tinplating. In both cases, tin was the original metal.
Telephone numbers are referred to as being "dialed" although rotary phones are now rare.
In golf, the clubs referred to as woods were once made of wood but are now usually made of metal.
The term anachronym refers to this type of misnomer.[3]"Anachronym" should not be confused with anacronyms, which refers to words (such as laser, sonar and scuba) with acronymic origin but which are now used syntactically as words in their own right.
Although dry cleaning does not involve water, it does involve the use of liquid solvents.
The "funny bone" is not a bone—the phrase refers to the ulnar nerve.
A quantum leap is properly an instantaneous change that may be large or small. In physics, it is a change of an electron from one energy level to another. In common usage the term is often used to mean a large, abrupt change.
"Tennis elbow" (formally lateral epicondylitis) does not necessarily result from playing tennis.[9]
^Leitner, Gerhard; Sieloff, Inke (1998). "Aboriginal words and concepts in Australian English". World Englishes. 17 (2): 153–169. doi:10.1111/1467-971X.00089.
