Minna of Worms

Minna of Worms (died in May 1096) was a Jewish businesswoman and martyr, killed by antisemitic Christians.[1][2] She was an influential Jewish person, being a significant moneylender with clients and friends among the Christian nobility. Minna was one of the most famous victims of the 1096 Worms massacre which occurred during the First Crusade.[3] She was murdered after refusing to convert to Christianity.[4][5]

References

  1. ^ Taitz, E.; Henry, S.; Tallan, C. (2003). The JPS Guide to Jewish Women: 600 B.C.E. to 1900 C.E. A JPS Guide Series. Jewish Publication Society. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-8276-0752-1.
  2. ^ Chazan, Robert (2002), Abulafia, Anna Sapir (ed.), "The Anti Jewish Violence of 1096: Perpetrators and Dynamics", Religious Violence between Christians and Jews: Medieval Roots, Modern Perspectives, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 21–43, doi:10.1057/9781403913821_2, ISBN 978-1-4039-1382-1, retrieved 2024-01-20
  3. ^ Fine, Lawrence (2001-11-18). Judaism in Practice: From the Middle Ages Through the Early Modern Period. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05787-3.
  4. ^ Chazan, R. (1996). European Jewry and the First Crusade. University of California Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-520-20506-2. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  5. ^ Malkiel, David (2001-10-01). "Destruction or Conversion Intention and reaction, Crusaders and Jews, in 1096". Jewish History. 15 (3): 257–280. doi:10.1023/A:1014208904545. ISSN 1572-8579.
  • Taitz, E.; Henry, S.; Tallan, C. (2003). The JPS Guide to Jewish Women: 600 B.C.E. to 1900 C.E. A JPS Guide Series. Jewish Publication Society. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-8276-0752-1.
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