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Microseris walteri
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Genus:	Microseris
Species:	M. walteri
Binomial name
	Microseris walteri; Gand.
Synonyms
	Microseris sp. 3; Microseris aff. lanceolata (Foothills);

Microseris walteri is an Australian perennial herb with yellow flowers and edible tuberous roots, and one of three plants known as murnong or yam daisy along with Microseris scapigera and Microseris lanceolata.^[3]^[2]

The plant is found in southern parts of Australia, including Victoria, NSW, ACT, SA, WA and Tasmania. In Victoria, the plant is widespread and occupying a wide range of habitats, particularly dry open forest.^[4]

Botanical naming

For more than 30 years Murnong was named as Microseris sp. or Microseris lanceolata or Microseris scapigera. Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria botanist Neville Walsh clarified the botanical name of Microseris walteri in 2016 and defined the differences in the three species in the table below.^[4]

Feature	M. walteri	M. lanceolata	M. scapigera
Roots	single fleshy root expanding to a solitary, napiform to narrow-ellipsoid or narrow-ovoid, annually replaced tuber	several fleshy roots, cylindrical to long-tapered, branching just below ground-level	several cylindrical or long-tapered, usually branched shortly below leaves
Fruit (Capsela)	usually less than 7mm long	usually less than 7mm long	mostly 7–10 mm long
Pappus bristles	c. 10 mm long, 0.5–1.3mm wide at base	10–20 mm long, c. 0.3–0.5 mm wide at base	30–66 mm long
Joined petals (Ligule)	usually more than 15mm long	usually more than 15mm long	up to 12mm long
Origin	lowlands of temperate southern WA, SA, NSW, ACT, Victoria and Tasmania	rarely on basalt soils; alpine and subalpine NSW, ACT and Victoria	mostly from basalt plains of western Victoria and elevated sites in Tasmania
Taste of roots	sweet-tasting, both raw and cooked	bitter, slightly fibrous and not particularly palatable	slightly fibrous, and slightly, but tolerably bitter

Biological descriptions

Microseris walteri has the form of a tufted rosette of toothed lanceolate leaves.

The flower appears in Spring, which is a yellow head of florets, similar to flatweed (Hypochaeris radicata) or dandelion (Taraxacum). The flower stalk is pendulous before flowering, becoming erect for flowering to attract pollinators and again with the ripening of the seed head. The seed heads ripen to a cluster of fluffy, tan achenes, each having a crown of fine extensions called a pappus. The seeds are dispersed by wind.^[5]

The plant usually grows a single tuber each season. There is a wide variation in shape and size of tubers between plants from different habitats in the Victoria. Those from northwest Victoria have probably the longest tubers. A rare form from the volcanic plain (Woorndoo area) has a stocky, sometimes few-branched, but apparently perennial tap-root. ^[2]

Gallery

Microseris walteri flower
Flower measurement
Seed clock
Roots
Seed comparison, from left to right: Microseris scapigera, Microseris walteri and Microseris lanceolata

Cultivation and uses

The edible tuberous roots of murnong plants were once a vitally important source of food for the Indigenous Australians. In the south-eastern parts of Australia, Indigenous women would dig for roots with a digging stick, also known as a yam stick,^[5] and they would carry the roots in a dillybag. The practice of digging for tubers and leaving part of the tuber, meant the soil was tilled and caused more plants to grow. Murnong was cooked by placing a dillybag of tubers onto an earth oven for roasting. The taste of the cooked tuber is described as 'sweet with a flavour of coconut'.^[6]^[7]

The introduction of cattle, sheep and goats by immigrating early–colonialist Europeans led to the near extinction of murnong, with calamitous results for first Australians' communities who depended upon murnong for a large part of their food. ^[3]

References

^ Gandoger, Michel (1918). "Sertum plantarum novarum". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. 65 (52). [1][2]
^ ^a ^b ^c "Microseris walteri Gand". VicFlora: Flora of Victoria. Royal Botanical Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
^ ^a ^b Gott, Beth (1993). "Use of Victorian plants by Koories". In Foreman, Don B.; Walsh, Neville G. (eds.). Flora of Victoria. Vol. 1. Melbourne: Inkata Press. pp. 195–211. ISBN 978-0-909605-76-6.
^ ^a ^b Walsh, Neville (2016). "A name for Murnong (Microseris: Asteraceae: Cichorioideae)" (PDF). Muelleria. 34.
^ ^a ^b Gott, Beth (1983). "Murnong – Microseris scapigera: A study of a staple food of Victorian Aborigines". Australian Aboriginal Studies. 2: 2–17.
^ Pascoe, Bruce (2014). Dark Emu, Black Seeds: Agriculture or Accident?. Magabala Books. pp. 22–24. ISBN 978-1-922142-43-6.
^ Maiden, Joseph H. (1889). The Useful Native Plants of Australia : Including Tasmania. Sydney: Turner and Henderson. p. 45. 'Murr-nong,' or 'Mirr n' yong,' of the aboriginals of New South Wales and Victoria. The tubers were largely used as food by the aboriginals. They are sweet and milky, and in flavour resemble the cocoanut.

External links

Photographs of herbarium type specimens:
- "Victoria, Sandringham, Sept. 1900, C.Walter s.n." LY 0009479 (type for M. walteri Gand.)
- "W. Australia, J.Drummond 5th Coll., 366" K000796797; West Austr. Maxwell MEL 64832, MEL 64833 (isotypes) (for Microseris forsteri var. subplumosa Benth.)