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Micrognathism
Micrognathism
Other names	Micrognathia, strawberry chin, hypognathia hypognathism
	Girl with Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome
Specialty	Medical genetics

Micrognathism is a condition where the jaw is undersized. It is also sometimes called mandibular hypoplasia.^[2] It is common in infants,^[3]^[4] but is usually self-corrected during growth, due to the jaws' increasing in size. It may be a cause of abnormal tooth alignment and in severe cases can hamper feeding.^[5] It can also, both in adults and children, make intubation difficult, either during anesthesia or in emergency situations.

Causes

According to the NCBI, the following conditions feature micrognathism:^[6]

11q partial monosomy syndrome
3-methylglutaconic aciduria, type VIIB
46,XY sex reversal 4
4p partial monosomy syndrome
Achard syndrome
Acrofacial dysostosis Cincinnati type
Acrofacial dysostosis Rodriguez type
Acrofacial dysostosis, Catania type
Acromegaloid facial appearance syndrome
Adams-Oliver syndrome 2
Agnathia-otocephaly complex
ALG1-congenital disorder of glycosylation
Alveolar capillary dysplasia with pulmonary venous misalignment
Amish lethal microcephaly
Andersen Tawil syndrome
Aprosencephaly cerebellar dysgenesis
Arterial tortuosity syndrome
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 1, neurogenic, with myelin defect
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 4, neurogenic, with agenesis of the corpus callosum
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 5
Arthrogryposis, distal, type 2E
Autism spectrum disorder due to AUTS2 deficiency
Autosomal dominant Robinow syndrome 1-3
Autosomal recessive multiple pterygium syndrome
Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis 5
Autosomal recessive Robinow syndrome
Autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 70
Bailey-Bloch congenital myopathy
Baller-Gerold syndrome
Barber-Say syndrome
Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1 and 2
Bohring-Opitz syndrome
Bowen-Conradi syndrome
C syndrome
Camptomelic dysplasia
Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome
Cat eye syndrome
Catel-Manzke syndrome
Cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome
Cerebrooculofacioskeletal syndrome 1-4
CHARGE association
Chondrodysplasia Blomstrand type
Chondrodysplasia with joint dislocations, gPAPP type
Cleidocranial dysostosis
Coffin-Siris syndrome 6 and 12
COG1 congenital disorder of glycosylation
COG7 congenital disorder of glycosylation
COG8-congenital disorder of glycosylation
Cohen syndrome
Cold-induced sweating syndrome 1
Cole-Carpenter syndrome 1
Complex lethal osteochondrodysplasia
Congenital contractural arachnodactyly
Congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1E
Congenital disorder of glycosylation, type IIr
Congenital disorder of glycosylation, type IIw
Congenital lactic acidosis, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean type
Congenital myasthenic syndrome 19
Congenital myopathy 20
Congenital myopathy 22A, classic
Congenital myopathy 22B, severe fetal
Cornelia de Lange syndrome 1, 3, and 5
Costello syndrome
Cowden syndrome 5 and 6
Cranioectodermal dysplasia 2 and 3
Craniofacial microsomia
Cutis laxa, autosomal recessive, type 1B
D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria 1
Desmosterolosis
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 64, 77, 80, and 100
Diamond-Blackfan anemia 1, 6, 10, 14 (with mandibulofacial dysostosis), 15 (with mandibulofacial dysostosis), 21
Diaphragmatic hernia 4, with cardiovascular defects
Diarrhea 10, protein-losing enteropathy type
DiGeorge syndrome
Distal arthrogryposis types 2B1 and 5D
DPAGT1-congenital disorder of glycosylation
Dubowitz syndrome
Dysosteosclerosis
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, classic-like, 2
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, dermatosparaxis type
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, spondylodysplastic type, 1
Emanuel syndrome
Epilepsy, X-linked 2, with or without impaired intellectual development and dysmorphic features
Fanconi anemia complementation groups L and P
Faundes-Banka syndrome
Feingold syndrome type 1
FG syndrome 1
Fibrochondrogenesis 2
Fibromuscular dysplasia, multifocal
Fontaine progeroid syndrome
Frank-Ter Haar syndrome
Fraser syndrome 3
Galloway-Mowat syndrome 1, 2 (X-linked), 3, and 7
GAPO syndrome
Gaucher disease perinatal lethal
Genitopatellar syndrome
Gordon syndrome
Granulocytopenia with immunoglobulin abnormality
Greenberg dysplasia
Hajdu-Cheney syndrome
Hallermann-Streiff syndrome
Hamartoma of hypothalamus
Hereditary spastic paraplegia 23
Holoprosencephaly 13, X-linked

Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome
Hydrolethalus syndrome 1 and 2
Immunodeficiency 49
Immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies syndrome 1
Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy
Infantile-onset X-linked spinal muscular atrophy
Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 64, 65, and 70
Intellectual disability, autosomal dominant 1
Intellectual disability, X-linked 61
Intellectual disability, X-linked syndromic, Turner type
Intellectual disability, X-linked, syndromic, Bain type
Isolated cleft palate
Isolated congenital hypoglossia/aglossia
Isolated Pierre-Robin syndrome
Isotretinoin-like syndrome
Kabuki syndrome
Keppen-Lubinsky syndrome
Knobloch syndrome 2
Langer-Giedion syndrome
Larsen-like syndrome, B3GAT3 type
Lateral meningocele syndrome
Legius syndrome
Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 1, 2, 7, and 9
Lethal Kniest-like syndrome
Lethal multiple pterygium syndrome
Lissencephaly 7 with cerebellar hypoplasia
Liver disease, severe congenital
Loeys-Dietz syndrome 1 and 2
Lymphatic malformation 6
Mandibuloacral dysplasia progeroid syndrome
Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type A lipodystrophy
Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type B lipodystrophy
Mandibulofacial dysostosis with alopecia
Mandibulofacial dysostosis-microcephaly syndrome
Marbach-Rustad progeroid syndrome
Marden-Walker syndrome
Marfan syndrome
Marshall syndrome
Matthew-Wood syndrome
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome type 2
Meckel syndrome 13 and 14
Meckel syndrome, type 1
Megalocornea-intellectual disability syndrome
Melnick-Needles syndrome
Menke-Hennekam syndrome 1 and 2
Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism, type 3
Microcephalic primordial dwarfism due to ZNF335 deficiency
Microcephaly 13, primary, autosomal recessive
Microcephaly 16, primary, autosomal recessive
Microcephaly 2, primary, autosomal recessive, with or without cortical malformations
Microcephaly 4, primary, autosomal recessive

Microcephaly, normal intelligence and immunodeficiency
Microphthalmia, syndromic 12
Miller syndrome
Mohr syndrome
Mucolipidosis type II
Mucopolysaccharidosis, MPS-I-H/S
Multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome 1 and 2
Myofibrillar myopathy 8
Nager syndrome
NEK9-related lethal skeletal dysplasia
Nemaline myopathy 9
Neonatal pseudo-hydrocephalic progeroid syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome, type 11
Nestor-Guillermo progeria syndrome
Neu-Laxova syndrome 1 and 2
Neuropathy, congenital hypomyelinating, 3
Noonan syndrome 1, 2, and 13
Oculodentodigital dysplasia, autosomal recessive
Ogden syndrome
Orofacial cleft 13
Orofacial-digital syndrome IV
Orofaciodigital syndrome types 6 and 14
Osteogenesis imperfecta types 3, 10, 12, and 18
Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis
Oto-palato-digital syndrome, type II
Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia, autosomal recessive
Pallister-Killian syndrome
Paris-Trousseau thrombocytopenia
Periventricular nodular heterotopia 7
Perlman syndrome
Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 10A (Zellweger)
Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 13A (Zellweger)
Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 1A (Zellweger)
Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 2A (Zellweger)
Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 5A (Zellweger)
PGM1-congenital disorder of glycosylation
Phelan-McDermid syndrome
Pierre Robin sequence with pectus excavatum and rib and scapular anomalies
Pierre Robin syndrome-faciodigital anomaly syndrome
Poikiloderma with neutropenia
Polymicrogyria with or without vascular-type Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Pontocerebellar hypoplasia types 2E, 7, and 12
Potocki-Lupski syndrome
Prolidase deficiency
Pyknodysostosis

RAB23-related Carpenter syndrome
Renpenning syndrome
Restrictive dermopathy 1
RFT1-congenital disorder of glycosylation
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata types 1 and 2
Ritscher-Schinzel syndrome 1 and 3
Roberts-SC phocomelia syndrome
Robinow syndrome, autosomal recessive 2
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome type 2
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome due to 16p13.3 microdeletion
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome due to CREBBP mutations
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome due to EP300 haploinsufficiency
Schwartz-Jampel syndrome type 1
Seckel syndrome 1, 2, 5, 8, and 9
SHORT syndrome
Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome
Silver-Russell syndrome 1 and 2
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome
Spinal muscular atrophy, lower extremity-predominant, 2b, prenatal onset, autosomal dominant
Splenogonadal fusion-limb defects-micrognathia syndrome
Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity, type 1, with or without fractures
Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia-short limb-abnormal calcification syndrome
Squalene synthase deficiency
SSR4-congenital disorder of glycosylation
Stickler syndrome types 1 and 2
Stromme syndrome
Syndromic X-linked intellectual disability Claes-Jensen type
Syndromic X-linked intellectual disability Najm type
Tetraamelia syndrome 1 and 2
Thickened earlobes-conductive deafness syndrome
Toriello-Carey syndrome
Treacher Collins syndrome
Ventriculomegaly and arthrogryposis
Vici syndrome
Whistling face syndrome, recessive form
Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome
X-linked intellectual disability with marfanoid habitus
Yunis-Varon syndrome
Zaki syndrome

Diagnosis

It can be detected by the naked eye as well as dental or skull X-Ray testing.^{[citation needed]}

Treatments

Micrognathia can be treated by surgery and modified eating methods.^{[medical citation needed]} Early detection of the problem and monitoring as the problems grows can help understand it better and find the most effective treatment procedure.

References

^ Martínez-Frías, ML; Martín, M; Pardo, M; Torres, M; Cohen MM, Jr (1993). "Holoprosencephaly and hypognathia with two proboscides: report of a case and review of unusual proboscides". Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology. 14 (4): 231–4. PMID 7883869.
^ Hassani, Mohammad-Esmaiil; Karimi, Hamid; Hassani, Hosein; Hassani, Ali (2014-01-01). "Bilateral mandibular distraction in micrognathism or hypoplasia of mandible, hazrat fatemeh hospital". Journal of Acute Disease. 3 (4): 296–299. doi:10.1016/S2221-6189(14)60064-0. ISSN 2221-6189.
^ Cang, Zhengqiang; Cui, Jiangbo; Pei, Jiaomiao; Wang, Zheng; Du, Yichen; Mu, Siqi; Dou, Wenjie; Fan, Xing; Zhang, Xi; Li, Yang (2023-04-12). "Prenatal diagnosis of micrognathia: a systematic review". Frontiers in Pediatrics. 11. doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1161421. ISSN 2296-2360. PMC 10130438. PMID 37124181.
^ Berger, Jessica A.; Nelson, Olivia; Staben, James; Javia, Luv R.; Simpao, Allan F.; Khalek, Nahla; Oliver, Edward R.; Adzick, N. Scott; Lin, Elaina E. (2024). "Immediate postdelivery airway management of neonates with prenatally diagnosed micrognathia: A retrospective observational study". Pediatric Anesthesia. 34 (3): 267–273. doi:10.1111/pan.14806. ISSN 1460-9592. PMID 38069629.
^ Hong, Paul; Brake, Maria K.; Cavanagh, Jonathan P.; Bezuhly, Michael; Magit, Anthony E. (2012). "Feeding and mandibular distraction osteogenesis in children with Pierre Robin sequence: A case series of functional outcomes". International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 76 (3): 414–418. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2011.12.023. ISSN 0165-5876. PMID 22245167.
^ "Micrognathia (Concept Id: C0025990)". NCBI. Retrieved April 2, 2024.