Menachem Elimelech

Menachem Elimelech
Menachem Elimelech
Alma materJohns Hopkins University, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Scientific career
FieldsEnvironmental Engineering, Membrane Technology, Desalination, Water-Energy Nexus
InstitutionsYale University, University of California, Los Angeles
Doctoral advisorCharles R. O'Melia
Doctoral studentsNathalie Tufenkji

Menachem Elimelech (Hebrew: מְנַחֵם אֱלִימֶלֶךְ) is the Sterling Professor of Chemical and Environmental Engineering at Yale University.[1] Elimelech is the only professor from an engineering department at Yale to be awarded the Sterling professorship since its establishment in 1920.[2] Elimelech moved from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to Yale University in 1998 and founded Yale's Environmental Engineering program.

Elimelech was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2006,[3] and a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 2017,[4] the Australian Academy of Technology and Engineering in 2021, the Canadian Academy of Engineering in 2022,[5] and the National Academy of Engineering of Korea in 2022. He is recognized for his pioneering work on membrane processes for desalination and water reuse, materials for next-generation desalination and water purification membranes, membrane-based brine and wastewater management technologies, particle and microbial pathogen filtration, and environmental applications of nanotechnology. Several of his findings have become textbook materials and are applied to engineered systems.

Early life and education

Elimelech was born in Israel to an immigrant family from Morocco. His parents had no formal education. His mother’s family were Berber Jews who moved to Casablanca from the Saharan Desert. He grew up in the southern city of Beer Sheva in an immigrant absorption camp (Ma'abarot) and later in government subsidized housing. He attended elementary schools in the city and high school at the Ben Shemen Youth Village, an agricultural boarding school in central Israel.

Elimelech graduated with high distinction from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem with Bachelor of Science (BSc) and Master of Science (MSc)  degrees in 1983 and 1985, respectively. He earned his PhD in environmental engineering at the Johns Hopkins University in 1989 under the direction of Professor Charles R. O’Melia. His dissertation was titled “The Effect of Particles Size on the Kinetics of Deposition of Brownian Particles in Porous Media.”

Academic career

Following his PhD studies at the Johns Hopkins University, Elimelech accepted a faculty position as assistant professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at UCLA. He rose to the rank of Associate Professor in 1994 and Full Professor in 1997. At UCLA, he also served as a Department Vice Chair.

In 1998, Elimelech accepted a position at the Chemical Engineering Department at Yale University as the Llewellyn West Jones Professor. After moving to Yale, he founded the Environmental Engineering Program. In 2005, he was appointed the Roberto Goizueta Professor and as the Chair of the Chemical Engineering Department (from 2005 to 2010). The Environmental Engineering program founded by Elimelech is currently part of the Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering. In 2021, Elimelech was appointed the Sterling Professor of Chemical and Environmental Engineering.[2] The Sterling professorship is the highest academic rank at Yale University.

Contributions to science and technology

Elimelech is the author of over 560 refereed journal publications. He is the most cited and impactful scholar in the field of environmental and water quality engineering, with over 157,000 citations and h-index of 207 (Google Scholar).[6]

Elimelech authored invited perspective articles that helped to shape the research and engineering practice in water purification and desalination. One example is an article in Nature (2008)[7] on the state-of-the-art and future research on water purification. The article highlighted the science and technology being developed to improve the decontamination of water, as well as efforts to increase water supply through the safe reuse of wastewater and efficient desalination of seawater and brackish groundwater. Another example is an article in Science (2011)[8] on the future of seawater desalination. The article analyzed the possible reductions in energy demand by state-of-the-art seawater desalination technologies, the potential role of advanced materials and innovative technologies in improving performance, and the sustainability of desalination as a solution to global water shortages. Another article published in Nature Reviews Materials (2016)[9] focused on materials for next-generation desalination and water purification membranes. The article discussed the state-of-the-art existing membrane technologies for water purification and desalination, highlighted their inherent limitations, and established the urgent requirements for next-generation membranes.

Elimelech made contributions to the development of technologies for desalination and for the management of brines from inland desalination plants and industrial wastewaters, such as those produced in the oil and gas industry. Specifically, he advanced the use of ultrahigh-pressure reverse osmosis (UHPRO) as a technology to displace energy-intensive thermal evaporators that are commonly used for brine management).[10][11] Elimelech has developed a membrane-based technology for concentrating brines, referred to as low-salt-rejection reverse osmosis (LSRRO).[12][13] Through detailed process engineering modeling he has shown that LSRRO can concentrate brines up to approximately 240 g/L total dissolved solids (TDS), which is the feed brine concentration for brine crystallizers. UHPRO and LSRRO have attracted industrial interest as they are expected to revolutionize low-energy, low-cost brine management. Elimelech’s pioneering research on another desalination technology, the forward osmosis (FO) process,[14][15][16] has also impacted the water industry. The development of the FO process resulted in new commercial activity, as evidenced by the large number of FO patents and companies.[16][17]

Elimelech provided molecular level understanding of fouling phenomena, which led to the development of fouling mitigation techniques.[18][19][20] He introduced the concept of cake-enhanced osmotic pressure[21] and biofilm-enhanced osmotic pressure[22] as important mechanisms for water flux decline in salt-rejecting membranes, such as reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. He developed theories and models for concentration polarization in membrane separations, providing analytical expressions for predicting water flux.[23][24] Professor Elimelech and collaborators also provided a mechanistic understanding of salt transport in reverse osmosis membranes, introducing the solution-friction model to describe the coupled transport of salt and water in reverse osmosis membranes.[25] He has shown that the five-decades solution-diffusion mechanism for water transport in reverse osmosis membranes is fundamentally flawed.[25] He has shown that water transport in reverse osmosis membranes is governed by a pore flow mechanism driven by a pressure gradient within the membrane, not by a concentration gradient of water as proposed by the solution-diffusion model. This finding has implications for the design of next-generation reverse osmosis desalination membranes.[26]

Elimelech co-authored the book Particle Deposition & Aggregation: Measurement, Modeling and Simulation.[27] Elimelech advanced the understanding of the transport of colloidal particles and microbial pathogens in subsurface porous media.[28][29] The paramount role geochemical heterogeneity in the form of iron oxide coatings on mineral grains was introduced, verified in laboratory and field experiments, and incorporated in transport models.[30] With Nathalie Tufenkji, Elimelech developed a predictive equation for particle removal in granular filtration, which is applicable to deep-bed filtration in water treatment, riverbank filtration, and transport of particles in subsurface environments. This equation, commonly referred to as the Tufenkji and Elimelech equation,[31] has become textbook material and has been widely used in academia, industry, and government agencies.

Elimelech addressed challenges in water filtration and supply through the engineered application of nanomaterials. Specifically, he demonstrated the incorporation of nanomaterials into membrane technologies for fouling control, performance enhancement, and energy savings,[32] as well as the development of point-of-use filters for virus removal and inactivation.[33] Notable among his works is the demonstration and elucidation of the mechanisms of bacterial inactivation by carbon nanotubes[34][35]  and graphene oxide,[36][37] which was later applied to membranes and water filtration.[32][38] Elimelech also demonstrated that nanotechnology can offer solutions to water problems facing the developing world. Elimelech and his group developed a multiwalled carbon nanotube filter for the removal and inactivation of pathogenic viruses and bacteria from polluted waters.[39] The carbon nanotube filter demonstrated complete removal of bacteria by sieving and over 99.99% removal and inactivation of viruses by depth-filtration.

Elimelech has steered the membrane community to more relevant research that has direct impact on industry and humanity.[40] He was the first to point out that research on ultrahigh water permeability reverse osmosis membranes will have negligible impact on energy consumption in desalination.[8] Elimelech has shown that increasing water-salt selectivity (or salt rejection) would be much more beneficial.[41] Elimelech demonstrated the relative insignificance of advanced materials in enhancing the energy efficiency of desalination technologies, while proposing more effective materials-based and process-level research directions.[42] In addition to seawater desalination, Elimelech established the sweet spots for electrodialysis and reverse osmosis in brackish water desalination.[43] Elimelech developed performance metrics for processes for harvesting energy from salinity gradient (blue energy), showing that such processes are viable only for very high salinity waters, much more than seawater.[44] The conclusions of these studies and other related research had direct impact on funding agencies, thus directing research funds to more relevant research.[40]

Awards and honors

Year Award Awarding body Notes Ref
1989 Environmental Engineering and Chemistry Graduate Student Award American Chemical Society Division of Environmental Chemistry [45]
1990 Research Initiation Award National Science Foundation [46]
1994 Engineering Teaching Excellence Award W. M. Keck Foundation [45]
1996 Walter L. Huber Civil Engineering Research Prize American Society of Civil Engineers [47]
2002 Outstanding Publication Award Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors With Charles O'Melia [48]
2004 Excellence in Review Award Environmental Science & Technology [45]
Graduate Mentor Award Yale University [49]
2005 Athalie Richardson Irvine Clarke Prize National Water Research Institute [50]
2006 Frontier of Research Award Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors [51]
Elected membership National Academy of Engineering [3]
2007 Elected membership Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering [52]
2008 Lawrence K. Cecil Award in Environmental Chemical Engineering The American Institute of Chemical Engineers [53]
2009 World Class University Professor Korea University [45]
Distinguished Visiting Fellowship Royal Academy of Engineering At the University of Edinburgh [54]
2010 Liza Cariaga-Lo Faculty Award for Diversity in Scholarship and Service Yale University [55]
2011 The Simon W. Freese Environmental Engineering Award and Lecture American Society of Civil Engineers [56]
2012 Outstanding Publication Award Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors With Amy E. Childress [48]
Super Reviewer Award Environmental Science & Technology [57]
Postdoctoral Mentoring Prize Yale University [58]
2012-present Highly Cited Researcher Clarivate (Web of Science) [59]
2014 Charles R. O’Melia Distinguished Educator Award Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors [60]
2015 Eni Award: Protection of the Environment Prize Eni [61]
Distinguished Scholar Chinese Academy of Sciences Formerly known as “Einstein Professorship” [62]
Elected Fellow Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors [63]
2016 Distinguished Lecturer Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors 2016-17 academic year [64]
2017 Elected membership Chinese Academy of Engineering [4]
2019 Outstanding Publication Award Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors With Nathalie Tufenkji [48]
Fulbright Scholar Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs At Ben Gurion University [65]
2021 Perry L. McCarty AEESP Founders’ Award Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors [66]
Elected membership Australian Academy of Technology and Engineering [67]
2022 Outstanding Achievements in Environmental Science and Technology Award American Chemical Society [68]
Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water: Alternative Water-Resources Prize Sultan bin Abdulaziz [69]
Elected membership Canadian Academy of Engineering [5]
National Academy of Engineering of Korea [70]
2023 Honorary doctorate Ben-Gurion University [71]
Membrane Technology Award International Water Association (IWA) [72]
2024 Connecticut Medal of Technology Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering [73]

Mentoring of graduate students and postdocs

Elimelech has advised 52 PhD students and 50 postdoctoral researchers. In recognition of his excellence and dedication in teaching and mentoring, he received the W. M. Keck Foundation Engineering Teaching Excellence Award in 1994, the Yale University Graduate Mentoring Award in 2004,[49] and the Yale University Postdoctoral Mentoring Prize in 2012.[58]

Several of his advisees have won awards for their dissertations:


Visiting professorships

Representative advisory boards and committees

  • Scientific Advisory Board, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University, Israel, (2003-2020)
  • National Academies Committee on Advancing Desalination Technologies (2006-2008)
  • External Review Committee, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, (2010)
  • National Academies (Institute of Medicine) Committee on Blue Water Navy Vietnam Veterans and Agent Orange Exposure (2010-2013)
  • Scientific Advisory Board, Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE) (2010-2016)
  • Chair, Scientific Advisory Board, Water Desalination and Reuse Center, KAUST (2012-2016)
  • External Review Committee, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (2016)
  • External Review Committee, Wetsus, European center of excellence for sustainable water technology, The Netherlands (2017)
  • Scientific Advisory Board, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Morocco (2020–present)
  • External Advisory Council, Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University (2021–present)

References

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  5. ^ a b "The Canadian Academy of Engineering / L'Académie canadienne du génie". Retrieved 2023-07-07.
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  7. ^ Shannon, Mark A.; Bohn, Paul W.; Elimelech, Menachem; Georgiadis, John G.; Mariñas, Benito J.; Mayes, Anne M. (March 2008). "Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades". Nature. 452 (7185): 301–310. Bibcode:2008Natur.452..301S. doi:10.1038/nature06599. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 18354474. S2CID 4424103.
  8. ^ a b Elimelech, Menachem; Phillip, William A. (2011-08-05). "The Future of Seawater Desalination: Energy, Technology, and the Environment". Science. 333 (6043): 712–717. Bibcode:2011Sci...333..712E. doi:10.1126/science.1200488. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 21817042. S2CID 24189246.
  9. ^ Werber, Jay R.; Osuji, Chinedum O.; Elimelech, Menachem (2016-04-05). "Materials for next-generation desalination and water purification membranes". Nature Reviews Materials. 1 (5): 16018. Bibcode:2016NatRM...116018W. doi:10.1038/natrevmats.2016.18. ISSN 2058-8437.
  10. ^ Davenport, Douglas M.; Deshmukh, Akshay; Werber, Jay R.; Elimelech, Menachem (2018-08-14). "High-Pressure Reverse Osmosis for Energy-Efficient Hypersaline Brine Desalination: Current Status, Design Considerations, and Research Needs". Environmental Science & Technology Letters. 5 (8): 467–475. Bibcode:2018EnSTL...5..467D. doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00274. ISSN 2328-8930.
  11. ^ Davenport, Douglas M.; Ritt, Cody L.; Verbeke, Rhea; Dickmann, Marcel; Egger, Werner; Vankelecom, Ivo F. J.; Elimelech, Menachem (2020-09-01). "Thin film composite membrane compaction in high-pressure reverse osmosis". Journal of Membrane Science. 610: 118268. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118268. ISSN 0376-7388. S2CID 219764621.
  12. ^ Wang, Zhangxin; Deshmukh, Akshay; Du, Yuhao; Elimelech, Menachem (2020-03-01). "Minimal and zero liquid discharge with reverse osmosis using low-salt-rejection membranes". Water Research. 170: 115317. Bibcode:2020WatRe.17015317W. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2019.115317. ISSN 0043-1354. PMID 31786394. S2CID 208536085.
  13. ^ Du, Yuhao; Wang, Zhangxin; Cooper, Nathanial J.; Gilron, Jack; Elimelech, Menachem (2022-02-01). "Module-scale analysis of low-salt-rejection reverse osmosis: Design guidelines and system performance". Water Research. 209: 117936. Bibcode:2022WatRe.20917936D. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2021.117936. ISSN 0043-1354. PMID 34922102. S2CID 245100566.
  14. ^ McCutcheon, Jeffrey R.; McGinnis, Robert L.; Elimelech, Menachem (2005-04-01). "A novel ammonia—carbon dioxide forward (direct) osmosis desalination process". Desalination. 174 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:2005Desal.174....1M. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2004.11.002. ISSN 0011-9164.
  15. ^ McGinnis, Robert L.; Elimelech, Menachem (2007-03-10). "Energy requirements of ammonia–carbon dioxide forward osmosis desalination". Desalination. 207 (1): 370–382. Bibcode:2007Desal.207..370M. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2006.08.012. ISSN 0011-9164.
  16. ^ a b Shaffer, Devin L.; Werber, Jay R.; Jaramillo, Humberto; Lin, Shihong; Elimelech, Menachem (2015-01-15). "Forward osmosis: Where are we now?". Desalination. State-of-the-Art Reviews in Desalination. 356: 271–284. Bibcode:2015Desal.356..271S. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.031. ISSN 0011-9164.
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  18. ^ Hong, Seungkwan; Elimelech, Menachem (1997-09-03). "Chemical and physical aspects of natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of nanofiltration membranes". Journal of Membrane Science. 132 (2): 159–181. doi:10.1016/S0376-7388(97)00060-4. ISSN 0376-7388.
  19. ^ Vrijenhoek, Eric M; Hong, Seungkwan; Elimelech, Menachem (2001-06-30). "Influence of membrane surface properties on initial rate of colloidal fouling of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes". Journal of Membrane Science. 188 (1): 115–128. doi:10.1016/S0376-7388(01)00376-3. ISSN 0376-7388.
  20. ^ Li, Qilin; Elimelech, Menachem (2004-09-01). "Organic Fouling and Chemical Cleaning of Nanofiltration Membranes: Measurements and Mechanisms". Environmental Science & Technology. 38 (17): 4683–4693. Bibcode:2004EnST...38.4683L. doi:10.1021/es0354162. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 15461180.
  21. ^ Hoek, Eric M. V.; Elimelech, Menachem (2003-12-01). "Cake-Enhanced Concentration Polarization: A New Fouling Mechanism for Salt-Rejecting Membranes". Environmental Science & Technology. 37 (24): 5581–5588. Bibcode:2003EnST...37.5581H. doi:10.1021/es0262636. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 14717167.
  22. ^ Herzberg, Moshe; Elimelech, Menachem (2007-05-31). "Biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes: Role of biofilm-enhanced osmotic pressure". Journal of Membrane Science. 295 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2007.02.024. ISSN 0376-7388.
  23. ^ Elimelech, Menachem; Bhattacharjee, Subir (1998-07-08). "A novel approach for modeling concentration polarization in crossflow membrane filtration based on the equivalence of osmotic pressure model and filtration theory". Journal of Membrane Science. 145 (2): 223–241. doi:10.1016/S0376-7388(98)00078-7. ISSN 0376-7388.
  24. ^ Song, Lianfa; Elimelech, Menachem (1995-01-01). "Theory of concentration polarization in crossflow filtration". Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions. 91 (19): 3389–3398. doi:10.1039/FT9959103389. ISSN 1364-5455.
  25. ^ a b Wang, Li; Cao, Tianchi; Dykstra, Jouke E.; Porada, Slawomir; Biesheuvel, P. M.; Elimelech, Menachem (2021-12-21). "Salt and Water Transport in Reverse Osmosis Membranes: Beyond the Solution-Diffusion Model". Environmental Science & Technology. 55 (24): 16665–16675. Bibcode:2021EnST...5516665W. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c05649. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 34879196.
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  28. ^ Ryan, Joseph N; Elimelech, Menachem (1996-02-20). "Colloid mobilization and transport in groundwater". Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. A collection of papers presented at the Symposium on Colloidal and Interfacial Phenomena in Aquatic Environments. 107: 1–56. doi:10.1016/0927-7757(95)03384-X. ISSN 0927-7757.
  29. ^ Redman, Jeremy A.; Walker, Sharon L.; Elimelech, Menachem (2004-03-01). "Bacterial Adhesion and Transport in Porous Media: Role of the Secondary Energy Minimum". Environmental Science & Technology. 38 (6): 1777–1785. Bibcode:2004EnST...38.1777R. doi:10.1021/es034887l. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 15074689.
  30. ^ Johnson, Philip R.; Sun, Ning; Elimelech, Menachem (1996-10-01). "Colloid Transport in Geochemically Heterogeneous Porous Media: Modeling and Measurements". Environmental Science & Technology. 30 (11): 3284–3293. Bibcode:1996EnST...30.3284J. doi:10.1021/es960053+. ISSN 0013-936X.
  31. ^ Tufenkji, Nathalie; Elimelech, Menachem (2004-01-01). "Correlation Equation for Predicting Single-Collector Efficiency in Physicochemical Filtration in Saturated Porous Media". Environmental Science & Technology. 38 (2): 529–536. Bibcode:2004EnST...38..529T. doi:10.1021/es034049r. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 14750730.
  32. ^ a b Perreault, François; Tousley, Marissa E.; Elimelech, Menachem (2014-01-14). "Thin-Film Composite Polyamide Membranes Functionalized with Biocidal Graphene Oxide Nanosheets". Environmental Science & Technology Letters. 1 (1): 71–76. Bibcode:2014EnSTL...1...71P. doi:10.1021/ez4001356. ISSN 2328-8930.
  33. ^ Brady-Estévez, Anna S.; Kang, Seoktae; Elimelech, Menachem (2008-03-27). "A Single-Walled-Carbon-Nanotube Filter for Removal of Viral and Bacterial Pathogens". Small. 4 (4): 481–484. doi:10.1002/smll.200700863. PMID 18383192.
  34. ^ Kang, Seoktae; Pinault, Mathieu; Pfefferle, Lisa D.; Elimelech, Menachem (2007-08-01). "Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Exhibit Strong Antimicrobial Activity". Langmuir. 23 (17): 8670–8673. doi:10.1021/la701067r. ISSN 0743-7463. PMID 17658863.
  35. ^ Kang, Seoktae; Herzberg, Moshe; Rodrigues, Debora F.; Elimelech, Menachem (2008-07-01). "Antibacterial Effects of Carbon Nanotubes: Size Does Matter!". Langmuir. 24 (13): 6409–6413. doi:10.1021/la800951v. ISSN 0743-7463. PMID 18512881.
  36. ^ Perreault, François; de Faria, Andreia Fonseca; Nejati, Siamak; Elimelech, Menachem (2015-07-28). "Antimicrobial Properties of Graphene Oxide Nanosheets: Why Size Matters". ACS Nano. 9 (7): 7226–7236. doi:10.1021/acsnano.5b02067. ISSN 1936-0851. PMID 26091689.
  37. ^ Lu, Xinglin; Feng, Xunda; Werber, Jay R.; Chu, Chiheng; Zucker, Ines; Kim, Jae-Hong; Osuji, Chinedum O.; Elimelech, Menachem (2017-11-14). "Enhanced antibacterial activity through the controlled alignment of graphene oxide nanosheets". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (46): E9793–E9801. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E9793L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1710996114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5699062. PMID 29078354.
  38. ^ Faria, Andreia F.; Liu, Caihong; Xie, Ming; Perreault, Francois; Nghiem, Long D.; Ma, Jun; Elimelech, Menachem (2017-03-01). "Thin-film composite forward osmosis membranes functionalized with graphene oxide–silver nanocomposites for biofouling control". Journal of Membrane Science. 525: 146–156. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2016.10.040. hdl:10453/124916. ISSN 0376-7388.
  39. ^ Vecitis, Chad D.; Schnoor, Mary H.; Rahaman, Md. Saifur; Schiffman, Jessica D.; Elimelech, Menachem (2011-04-15). "Electrochemical Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Filter for Viral and Bacterial Removal and Inactivation". Environmental Science & Technology. 45 (8): 3672–3679. Bibcode:2011EnST...45.3672V. doi:10.1021/es2000062. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 21388183.
  40. ^ a b Lee, Boreum; Wang, Li; Wang, Zhangxin; Cooper, Nathanial J.; Elimelech, Menachem (2023-03-15). "Directing the research agenda on water and energy technologies with process and economic analysis". Energy & Environmental Science. 16 (3): 714–722. doi:10.1039/D2EE03271F. ISSN 1754-5706. S2CID 256540117.
  41. ^ Werber, Jay R.; Deshmukh, Akshay; Elimelech, Menachem (2016-04-12). "The Critical Need for Increased Selectivity, Not Increased Water Permeability, for Desalination Membranes". Environmental Science & Technology Letters. 3 (4): 112–120. Bibcode:2016EnSTL...3..112W. doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00050. ISSN 2328-8930.
  42. ^ Patel, Sohum K.; Ritt, Cody L.; Deshmukh, Akshay; Wang, Zhangxin; Qin, Mohan; Epsztein, Razi; Elimelech, Menachem (2020-06-19). "The relative insignificance of advanced materials in enhancing the energy efficiency of desalination technologies". Energy & Environmental Science. 13 (6): 1694–1710. doi:10.1039/D0EE00341G. ISSN 1754-5706. S2CID 216050051.
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  44. ^ Wang, Li; Wang, Zhangxin; Patel, Sohum K.; Lin, Shihong; Elimelech, Menachem (2021-03-23). "Nanopore-Based Power Generation from Salinity Gradient: Why It Is Not Viable". ACS Nano. 15 (3): 4093–4107. doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c08628. ISSN 1936-0851. PMID 33497186. S2CID 231770075.
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