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Mawalan Marika
Mawalan Marika
Born	c.1908
Died	26 November 1967
Nationality	Australian
Known for	Bark paintings, political activism
Children	Wandjuk Marika (son); Banduk Marika (daughter); Dhuwarrwarr Marika (daughter); Bayngul and Laklak
Relatives	Mathaman Marika, Milirrpum Marika, Roy Dadaynga Marika, Dhunggala Marika (brothers)

Mawalan Marika (c.1908–1967), often referred to as Mawalan 1 Marika to distinguish from Mawalan 2 Marika,^[1] was an Aboriginal Australian artist and the leader of the Rirratjingu clan of the Yolngu people of north-east Arnhem Land, in the Northern Territory of Australia. He is known for his bark paintings, carvings and political activism.^[2]

Biography

Mawalan Marika was born around 1908 in Yirrkala.^[3] His name derives from the mawalan, or digging stick used by the Djang'kawu of the creation story of the Rirratjingu clan.^[1] His clan falls under the Dhuwa moiety, one of the two moieties found in Arnhem Land.^[4]

In addition to being an important asset to many anthropologists, including Charles P. Mountford and Ronald Berndt, he was one of the most prominent political activists of his time.^[2] Mawalan and his four brothers led the other clans in presenting the Yirrkala bark petitions to the Australian Government in 1963, in the lead-up to the 1971 Gove land rights case (aka Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd, named after his brother Milirrpum^[4]).^[5]^[6]

Marika was one of the first artists to break from tradition and teach his daughters (i.e. women) how to paint the sacred madayin clan designs.^[7] Marika advocated for the teaching of Yolŋu culture to the general Australian population, and negotiated the foundation of a Methodist mission at Yirrkala in 1935.^[4] One way he tried to encourage this transmission of knowledge was the establishment of commercial production of bark paintings through the mission.^[7]

Career

Female spirit figure with body painting（1948）

Marika painted over 40 works, many of which can be found in art collections of museums or private collectors.^[8] In the 1950s, he helped to create a commercial bark painting environment at the Yirrkala mission and collaborated in the creation of the Yirrkala Church Panels in 1963.^[2] Because Marika is from the Rirratjingu clan, many of his bark paintings allude to the two ancestral figures of the clan, Mururruma the great turtle-hunter and Djambuwal the Thunderman. In his work, Turtle Dreaming, Marika demonstrates the connection between the two ancestral figures through long pointed shapes representing the water spouts created by the Thunderman and rocks containing Mururruma's spirit.^[9] One of Marika's figurative traits is that he often paints the Djang'kawu sisters, who are said to be the creator beings of the Dhuwa moiety. The Marika family see themselves as direct descendants of the Djang'kawu. Mawalan created an entire series of paintings detailing the journey on the Djang'kawu sisters into country.^[3] A collection of Marika's bark paintings entitled Djan'kawu story (1959) is held by the Art Gallery of New South Wales.^[10]

As well as being known for his bark paintings, Marika had a high level of skill in carving and sculpture. His sculptures are cleanly painted with clan designs and finished with feathers, human hair, or other such natural attachments.^[2]

His style is characteristic of the Dhuwa moiety, featuring many dots, diagonal lines, and geometric/diamond shapes.^[3] One of the innovations for which Marika is credited is the use of episodic or panel style bark paintings and breaking away from the use of rarrk by using dotting techniques and more figural elements. A notable trait of many of his paintings is the striking use of yellow ochre, which features heavily in all his works, sculptural and painted.^[2] Many of his works deal with subjects relating to the sacred stories and ceremonies of the clan.^[1]

Works

In 1959, the deputy director of the Art Gallery of New South Wales, Tony Tuckson, traveled to Yirrkala to commission large scale works for the collection for the aesthetic rather than the ethnographic value.^[11] Five large paintings by Mawalan Marika using natural pigments on eucalyptus bark became part of the collection, which depicted the Djan'kawu journey: a group of siblings who journeyed from the spirit world. The first of this series, Djan'kawu Creation Story 1, is part of the Madayin collection at the Kluge-Ruhe Aboriginal Art Collection in Charlottesville, Virginia.^[11]

Also at the Kluge-Ruhe is his pre-1966 painting Milŋiyawuy (The Milky Way), depicting the Milky Way as a river of stars in the sky.^[12] Also painted in the traditional medium of natural pigments on eucalyptus bark, Milŋiyawuy features people playing the didjeridu and shows the Yolŋu characteristic of showing both human performance of ceremony and the spiritual domain it engages with.^[12]

Collections

Significant exhibitions

Old Masters Exhibition - National Gallery of Australia^[2]
The Art of Arnhem Land - Perth, 1957^[4]
Dreamings - New York, 1988^[4]
Aratjara - Europe, 1993–94^[4]
Yalangbara: Art of the Djang'kawu - National Museum of Australia, 2010–11^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "The Marika family". National Museum of Australia. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Mawalan Marika". Aboriginal Bark Paintings. 18 October 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Mawalan Marika". Art Gallery of New South Wales. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "National Museum of Australia - Mawalan Marika". National Museum of Australia. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
^ "Our Campaign". Rirratjingu Aboriginal Corporation. 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
^ "Leaders in law, business and community". Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ...five Rirratjingu brothers took action. Mawalan Marika, Mathaman Marika, Milirrpum Marika, Dhunggala Marika and Roy Dadaynga Marika led the 13 Yirrkala clans to create the Yirrkala bark petitions.
^ ^a ^b "Mawalan Marika, b. 1908". National Portrait Gallery of Australia. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
^ "Marika, Mawalan | 41 Artworks | MutualArt". www.mutualart.com. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
^ Caruana, Wally (2003). Aboriginal Art (New ed.). United Kingdom: Thames and Hudson. p. 64. ISBN 9780500203668.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ "Works from the collective title Djan'kawu story". Art Gallery of NSW. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Djan'kawu Waŋarr Dhäwu 1 | Djan'kawu Creation Story 1". Kluge-Ruhe: Madayin. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Milŋiyawuy | The Milky Way". Kluge-Ruhe: Madayin. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
^ McKenzie, Robyn (2011), Thomas, Martin; Neale, Margo (eds.), "The String Figures of Yirrkala: Examination of a legacy", Exploring the Legacy of the 1948 Arnhem Land Expedition, ANU Press, pp. 191–212, ISBN 978-1-921666-44-5, retrieved 6 May 2024
^ May, Sally K. (2011), Thomas, Martin; Neale, Margo (eds.), "Piecing the History Together: An overview of the 1948 Arnhem Land Expedition", Exploring the Legacy of the 1948 Arnhem Land Expedition, ANU Press, pp. 171–188, ISBN 978-1-921666-44-5, retrieved 6 May 2024
^ Milky Way Bark Painting. Retrieved 6 May 2024 – via www.youtube.com.