Marty Peretz

Marty Peretz
Born
Martin H. Peretz

(1938-12-06) December 6, 1938 (age 85)
New York City, U.S.
EducationBrandeis University (BA)
Harvard University (MA, PhD)
Occupation(s)Journalist, publisher
Known forThe New Republic
SpouseAnne Devereux (Labouisse) Farnsworth Peretz (1967–2009)
ChildrenEvgenia Peretz
Jesse Peretz

Martin H. Peretz (/pəˈrɛts/; born December 6, 1938) is an American former magazine publisher and Harvard University assistant professor. In 1974, he purchased The New Republic, and he later assumed editorial control of the magazine. In 1996, Peretz founded the financial news website TheStreet.com with CNBC host and hedge fund manager Jim Cramer.

Early life and education

Peretz grew up in New York City. Both of his parents were Zionists, but not religious Jews.[1] He is a descendant of the Polish-Yiddish writer I. L. Peretz.

Peretz graduated from the Bronx High School of Science at age 15.[1] He received his Bachelor of Arts from Brandeis University in 1959, and a Master of Arts and PhD from Harvard University in Government.[2]

Career

After graduating from Harvard, Peretz was hired as a lecturer in the Committee on Degrees in Social Studies at the university.

New Republic magazine

Further information: The New Republic

In 1974, Peretz purchased The New Republic from Gilbert Harrison for $380,000, which his wife supplied.[3][4]

After purchasing the magazine, Peretz allowed Gilbert A. Harrison, its editor, to continue editing it. Peretz pledged to let him continue running the magazine for at least three years. By 1975, Peretz was agitated by having his own articles rejected for publication, pointing out that he had been pouring more and more money into the magazine to cover its losses, and he fired Harrison. Much of the rest of the staff, including such prominent writers as Walter Pincus, Stanley Karnow, and Doris Grumbach, were fired or quit. They were replaced mainly by recent Harvard graduates lacking journalistic experience. Peretz then named himself the magazine's new editor, serving in that post until 1979.

In the 1980 presidential election, the magazine endorsed the liberal Republican John B. Anderson, running as an independent, rather than the Democratic incumbent, Jimmy Carter. Over time, Peretz purged the magazine of other progressive editors and writers as the magazine underwent a dramatic ideological transformation. As other editors were appointed, Peretz remained editor-in-chief until 2012.[5]

During Peretz's stewardship of The New Republic, the magazine generally maintained liberal and neoliberal positions on economic and social issues while assuming correspondingly pro-Israel and neoconservative hawkish stances on foreign affairs.

Peretz has said, "Support for Israel is, deep down, an expression of America's best view of itself."[6] Alexander Cockburn and Ken Silverstein have said that Peretz said, "I am in love with the State of Israel."[7]

In December 2012, Caroline Glick, a columnist for The Jerusalem Post, praised Peretz for his unshakable loyalty to Israel, writing, "As a man of the Left, he has fought the fight for Israel and Jewish rights, increasingly alone for nearly fifty years, and has done so despite what must have been enormous personal costs as his comrades all jumped ship, and in many cases, joined the cause of Israel's enemies."

Media critic Eric Alterman wrote in the American Prospect of Peretz's tenure as editor of The New Republic that Peretz used the magazine to attack, tarnish, and marginalize people and institutions with which he personally or politically disagreed: "[D]uring his reign, Peretz has also done lasting damage to the cause of American liberalism. By turning TNR into a kind of ideological police dog, Peretz enjoyed... [playing] a key role in defining the borders of 'responsible' liberal discourse, thereby tarring anyone who disagreed as irresponsible or untrustworthy. But he did so on the basis of a politics simultaneously so narrow and idiosyncratic—in thrall almost entirely to an Israel-centric neoconservatism."[8]

During his tenure as owner of The New Republic, Peretz repeatedly used the magazine's editorial pages to attack and marginalize people he perceived as enemies of Israel, among them even many mainstream Israeli politicians and activists.[9][10] "Sometimes we attack people unfairly", Peretz's friend and TNR literary editor Leon Wieseltier said.[10] Peretz attacked I. F. Stone after Stone signed a public appeal for the provision of water and medical supplies for siege victims trapped in West Beirut during the 1982 Israeli Siege of Beirut, writing, "So this is what I. F. Stone has come to, asking his admirers to put up money so that the PLO can continue to fight."[10] In an April 1991 editorial, as the Gulf War commenced, Peretz wrote that he was "the only writer on the Middle East not invited by PBS or NPR to speak about the Gulf."[10][11]

In 1997, Peretz fired Michael Kelly as the editor of The New Republic after Kelly refused to publish a ghostwritten, unsigned editorial defending Peretz's former student and friend Al Gore, who was then vice president and likely to run for president when Bill Clinton's term was over. Kelly told The Washington Post that his "firing-by-phone came days after he refused to publish an unsigned item by Peretz saying that recent allegations of improper fund-raising by Gore were overblown and old news." Kelly added: "I didn't think that should be our editorial position. I wrote him a memo saying, 'Here's why I think you're wrong and I'm right.'" In an interview with The New York Times, Kelly said: "As long as Marty Peretz has the involvement with Al Gore and with the magazine to the degree that he does, I think the job is structurally impossible."[12][13]

Peretz has long supported both Democrats and Republicans. As he aged, his support moved from progressives and liberal candidates to neoliberals and conservatives. He was a major behind-the-scenes benefactor of Eugene McCarthy's primary presidential bid in 1968. He supported Senator Barack Obama in both his Democratic primary race and in the 2008 general election, but in 2012 wrote that he hoped that "maybe Barack Obama will be a one-term president" and that a prominent alternative candidate would run against him in the Democratic primary.[14]

Peretz later expressed disappointment with Obama, telling The New York Times Magazine: "I'm not sure I feel betrayed, but it's close... our first African-American president has done less to fight AIDS in Africa than George Bush. He's done nothing on human rights."[15][16]

Peretz is further known for his support of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. He retained majority ownership of The New Republic until 2002, when he sold a two-thirds stake in the magazine to two financiers.[17] In 2007, Peretz sold the remainder of his ownership rights to CanWest Global Communications, but remained editor-in-chief.[18] In 2009, Peretz repurchased the magazine with a group of investors led by ex-Lazard executive Laurence Grafstein.[19]

In late 2010, Peretz gave up his title of editor-in-chief at The New Republic, becoming instead editor emeritus, and terminated his blog The Spine after other editors and writers at the magazine said they found it offensive and that Peretz would never have had the opportunity to write it if he had not been the magazine's owner. He no longer has any association with the magazine.[1]

In December 2014, journalist Robert Parry wrote, "Though The New Republic still touts its reputation as 'liberal', that label has been essentially a cover for its real agenda: pushing a hawkish foreign policy agenda that included the Reagan administration's slaughter of Central Americans in the 1980s, violent U.S. interventions in Iraq, Syria and other Muslim countries for the past two decades, and Israel's suppression of Palestinians forever."[20]

Accusations of bigotry

Throughout his career, Peretz has drawn criticism from several of his fellow commentators, particularly Jack Shafer of Slate, James Fallows of The Atlantic, and Eric Alterman of The Nation for making bigoted comments, often directed towards Arabs and Muslims.[8][9][21] He has written (among other things) that "'Arab society' is 'hidebound and backward' [and] [t]hat the Druze are 'congenitally untrustworthy'".[22]

On September 4, 2010, Peretz drew media attention and controversy when he posted an editorial which concluded:

But, frankly, Muslim life is cheap, most notably to Muslims. And among those Muslims led by the Imam Rauf there is hardly one who has raised a fuss about the routine and random bloodshed that defines their brotherhood. So, yes, I wonder whether I need honor these people and pretend that they are worthy of the privileges of the First Amendment which I have in my gut the sense that they will abuse.[23]

In September 2010, Nicholas Kristof, a columnist for The New York Times, denounced Peretz's comments, asking: "Is it possible to imagine the same kind of casual slur tossed off about blacks or Jews?"[24]

Peretz issued an apology on September 13. In his statement about Muslims and the First Amendment, Peretz said: "I wrote that, but I do not believe that. I do not think that any group or class of persons in the United States should be denied the protections of the First Amendment, not now, not ever."[25] Peretz also said that his comment that "Muslim life is cheap, most notably to Muslims" was "a statement of fact, not of value" and pointed out that Kristof himself agreed that Muslims have not adequately condemned violence perpetrated by Muslims on fellow Muslims.[25]

Kristof responded by criticizing Peretz for falsely claiming that Kristof agreed with him, and also for continuing to generalize that all Muslims had the attitude of Muslim terrorists toward human life:[26]

Making generalizations about racial, ethnic or religious groups is a dangerous game. Many Muslims see Americans dropping bombs in Iraq or Afghanistan and think that Christians don't value human life. Arabs see Israelis invading Gaza and insist that Jews don't value human life. Islam is no more monolithic than Christianity or Judaism, and these kinds of sweeping generalizations have historically led to dehumanizing other groups in ways that lead to discrimination and violence. They're invidious and dangerous whether it's we or Afghans who fall for them.[26]

On September 17, 2010, Peretz issued yet another apology:

... [I]n this past year I have publicly committed the sin of wild and wounding language, especially hurtful to our Muslim brothers and sisters. I do not console myself that many other Americans at this moment are committing the same transgressions, against others. I allowed emotion to run way ahead of reason, and feelings to trample arguments. For this I am sorry.[27]

On September 20, 2010, five major Harvard University student organizations, citing Peretz's long "history of making terribly racist statements", urged Harvard not to go ahead with honors planned for Peretz. The organizations—the Harvard Islamic Society, Latinas Unidas, and the Harvard Black Students Association—asserted that Peretz, over more than a decade, had not only made racist comments against Muslims but also regarding African Americans and Mexicans.[28]

Following the controversy, Harvard University canceled Peretz's scheduled September 25 speech on the 50th anniversary of Harvard's Social Studies Department where Peretz once taught.[29]

The Atlantic's James Fallows summarized Peretz's reputation, concluding that if his legacy were settled that day, despite being "beloved by many students and respected by some magazine colleagues", he would be considered a bigot. Fallows also wrote: "Martin Peretz has been undeniably shamed. And lastingly shamed."[30][31]

Marc Tracy wrote in the Jewish magazine The Tablet:

[I]f you will—this is not the first time he has written something racist, and it isn't the fifteenth time, either... But the tonnage of these quotations and the consistency of their content demonstrate that Peretz's insensitivity and bigotry toward Muslims and Arabs (er, and black people) yank him out of the realm of people you should be reading on the subject.[32]

Jefferson Morley, a Peretz friend who worked at The New Republic from 1983 to 1987, told Jack Shafer of Slate, "I could never reconcile this intellectual strength with his racism and unpleasant attempts to play the bully."[21]

Racist statements

Speaking at a 1994 conference on Black-Jewish relations, Peretz said, "So many people in the black population are afflicted by deficiencies—and I mean cultural deficiencies—which Jews, for example, didn't." He added: "In the ghetto, mothers—a lot of mothers don't appreciate the importance of schooling" and "A mother who is on crack is in no position to help her children get through school."

Allegations of gender bias in hiring

In January 2015, The New Republic, after having been purchased by a new owner, Chris Hughes, published a long, detailed report on the magazine's history of alleged racism. The article, by journalist Jeet Heer, also alleged that during Peretz's tenure as owner of The New Republic, women were rarely, if ever, given opportunities to write or edit for the magazine:

One may also ask if a staff dominated by privileged white males might not have benefited from greater diversity, and not just along racial lines. "Marty [Peretz] doesn't take women seriously for positions of responsibility," staff writer Henry Fairlie told Esquire magazine in 1985. "He's really most comfortable with a room full of Harvard males." In a 1988 article for Vanity Fair, occasional contributor James Wolcott concurred, noting, "The New Republic has a history of shunting women to the sidelines and today injects itself with fresh blood drawn largely from male interns down from Harvard." When Robert Wright succeeded Michael Kinsley in 1988, he joked he was hired as part of an 'affirmative action program' since he went to Princeton, not Harvard."[33]

Sexual harassment controversy

On October 24, 2017, Leon Wieseltier, a former literary editor at The New Republic (from 1983 until his resignation in 2014), admitted to "offenses against some of my colleagues in the past" after several women accused him of sexual harassment and inappropriate sexual advances.

According to The New York Times: "Several women... said they were humiliated when Mr. Wieseltier sloppily kissed them on the mouth, sometimes in front of other staff members. Others said he discussed his sex life, once describing the breasts of a former girlfriend in detail. Mr. Wieseltier made passes at female staffers, they said, and pressed them for details about their own sexual encounters.

"Mr. Wieseltier often commented on what women wore to the office, the former staff members said, telling them that their dresses were not tight enough. One woman said he left a note on her desk thanking her for the miniskirt she wore to the office that day."[34]

One woman whom Wieseltier harassed, Sarah Wildman, a former assistant editor of The New Republic, has written that she was fired in retaliation for complaining: "In disclosing this incident to my superiors, the outcome was, in many ways, far worse than the act itself. It's not exactly that I was disbelieved; it's that in the end, I was dismissed", she wrote in Vox.[35]

Wildman wrote that the sexual harassment she and other women at the magazine faced went hand in hand with gender discrimination at the magazine during Peretz's tenure: "The women knew we had a far shallower chance of rising up the masthead than our male counterparts; all of us hoped we'd be the exception. To do so, we entered into a game in which the rules were rigged against us, sometimes pushing us well past our point of comfort in order to remain in play."[35]

Peretz later said he knew nothing of the harassment. But Peter Beinart, an editor of the magazine, later said and wrote that when he reported one such incident in particular to Peretz—Wieseltier's harassment of Wildman—he was ignored, allowing the harassment to continue.[34][35]

Peretz responded to Beinart's recollection of the two men specifically meeting to discuss the matter by saying: "Peter never, ever, ever reported this to me." He added: "I don't remember Sarah Wildman."[35]

Stephen Glass controversy

Further information: Shattered Glass (film) and Stephen Glass (reporter)

During Peretz's tenure as editor of The New Republic, the magazine faced one of journalism's most infamous fabrication scandals. One of the magazine's then-writers, Stephen Glass, was found to have fabricated portions or the entirety of 27 of 41 stories he wrote for the magazine. Stories were found to have included some accurate reporting interwoven with fabricated quotations, scenes, and incidents. In some instances, stories were completely invented and contained no factual content.[36]

The Glass fabrications were "the greatest scandal in the magazine's history and marked a decade of waning influence and mounting financial losses", The New York Times later assessed.[15]

In the 1993 novel Blue Hearts, set in Washington D.C., PBS news anchor Jim Lehrer included Peretz as the roman à clef character "Jonathan Perry".[21] Lehrer wrote of the fictional Perry:

He was a lightweight sociology professor of no special talent or accomplishment who owned and edited the magazine The New World because his wife was a shoe company heiress who bought it for him. He was a joke in all circles except those that believed money was important...[he] had made himself even more foolish by writing a recent column accusing the producers of...public television and radio, of blacklisting him for his strong pro-Israel views. It was an embarrassing incoherence that only the owner of a publication could have brought to public print.[21]

The incident described in the novel apparently derived from real life. Press critic Jack Shafer noted that Peretz, in a column titled "Blacklisted", described having "leaned on NPR News Veep Bill Buzenberg for just a little mike (to no avail) and that he told PBS's Jim Lehrer he wouldn't turn down a date on The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, either." Lehrer was said to have never offered Peretz an invitation to appear on the show.[21]

Peretz is portrayed in Stephen Glass's 2003 novel The Fabulist[21] and by Ted Kotcheff in the 2003 film Shattered Glass, based on the Glass controversy.

Personal life

Peretz was married briefly in his twenties to Linda Heller, the daughter of prominent citrus growers who lived on Fifth Avenue, and in Miami Beach, Florida. The couple met in Boston. The ceremony took place at the Plaza Hotel. They separated shortly thereafter.[1]

From 1967 to 2009, Peretz was married to Anne Devereux (Labouisse) Farnsworth Peretz, daughter of Henry Richardson Labouisse, Jr. and an heir to the Singer Sewing Machine Company fortune.[1] They helped finance Ramparts magazine in the 1960s, until it published articles critical of Israel's governmental policies, which led Peretz and his wife to withdraw their support.

In 2009, the couple divorced, with his wife citing multiple infidelities and an "explosive temper" as problems in the marriage.[15]

In his 2023 memoir, Peretz wrote for the first time that he is gay,[37][38] confirming long-standing rumors.[39]

Peretz is the father of Jesse Peretz, a director, and Evgenia Peretz, a writer.[1] He is a longtime friend, former teacher, and political supporter of former Vice President Al Gore.[15]

Honors and awards

Peretz has seven honorary doctorates: the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from Bard College (1982), Coe College (1983), Long Island University (1988), Brandeis University (1989), Hebrew College (1990), Chicago Theological Seminary (1994), and the degree of Doctor of Philosophy honoris causa from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1987)."[22]

In 1993, Harvard inaugurated the Martin Peretz Chair in Yiddish Literature in his honor.[40] The Chair is currently held by Ruth Wisse.[41]

Peretz has been a member of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy's Board of Advisors.[42]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (December 26, 2010). "Peretz in Exile". New York. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  2. ^ Peretz, Martin (27 January 2010). "Erich Segal Z"L: My friend, the polymath who wrote Love Story". The New Republic. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  3. ^ United States. Congress. House. Internal Security (1972). Investigation of Attempts to Subvert the United States Armed Services, Hearings Before ... 92-1... 92-2...
  4. ^ Turque, Bill (2000). Inventing Al Gore: A Biography. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 51 . ISBN 0-618-13160-4. Marty Peretz bought the magazine in 1974 from Gilbert Harrison with $380,000 garnered from the wealth of his wife, Anne Labouisse Farnsworth, heir to one of the great fortunes created by the Singer Sewing Machine company.
  5. ^ Alterman, Eric (June 18, 2007). "My Marty Peretz Problem – And Ours". The American Prospect. Archived from the original on June 20, 2007. Retrieved July 3, 2007.
  6. ^ Reprint of Martin Peretz, "Surveying the Israel Lobby: Oil and Vinegar," Archived 2008-09-11 at the Wayback Machine The New Republic Online, 30 March 2006
  7. ^ Cockburn, Alexander; Silverstein, Ken (1996). Washington Babylon. Verso. ISBN 9781859840924.
  8. ^ a b Alterman, Eric (2007-06-18). "My Marty Peretz Problem – And Ours". The American Prospect. Archived from the original on 2010-12-22. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
  9. ^ a b Shafer, Jack (1991-04-12). "The Perfervid Peretz". Washington City Paper. Archived from the original on 2010-09-16. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
  10. ^ a b c d Alterman, Eric (1999). Sound and Fury: The Making of the Punditocracy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 198. ISBN 0-8014-8639-4. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
  11. ^ Peretz, Martin (1991-04-15). "Blacklisted". The New Republic. p. 42.
  12. ^ Kurtz, Howard (September 6, 1997). "Editor Fired Over Gore Attacks". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022.
  13. ^ Pogrebin, Robin (6 September 1997). "New Republic Editor Dismissed Over Criticism". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  14. ^ Lake, Eli (21 February 2008). "Obama's Brain Trust Taking Shape". New York Sun. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  15. ^ a b c d Rodrick, Stephen (2011-01-24). "Martin Peretz Is Not Sorry. About Anything". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023.
  16. ^ Peretz, Marty (8 November 2010). "Was the Gargantuan Loss of Democratic House Seats a Massacre or Just a Disaster?". The Spine. The New Republic. Archived from the original on September 12, 2021.
  17. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (28 January 2002). "New Republic's Longtime Owner Sells Control to 2 Big Financiers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
  18. ^ Seelye, Katharine Q. (28 February 2007). "New Republic's Editor in Chief Sells His Share of the Magazine". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
  19. ^ Calderone, Michael (9 March 2009). "Peretz, investors buying back TNR". Politico. Archived from the original on September 20, 2021.
  20. ^ Parry, Robert (2014-12-10). "The New Republic's Ugly Reality". BillMoyers.com. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Shafer, Jack (2010-09-14). "In Praise of Marty Peretz". Slate. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
  22. ^ a b Pareene, Alex (2010-11-24). "No. 5: Marty Peretz". Salon. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  23. ^ Peretz, Martin (2010-09-04). "The New York Times Laments "A Sadly Wary Misunderstanding of Muslim-Americans." But Really Is It "Sadly Wary" Or A "Misunderstanding" At All?". The Spine. The New Republic. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
  24. ^ Kristof, Nicholas (11 September 2010). "Is This America?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023.
  25. ^ a b Peretz, Martin (2010-09-13). "An Apology". The Spine. The New Republic. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
  26. ^ a b Kristof, Nicholas (2010-09-13). "A Martin Peretz Apology". On the Ground. The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
  27. ^ Peretz, Martin (17 September 2010). "Atonement". The New Republic. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  28. ^ Jeffries, Julia R; Kumar, Gautam S. (20 September 2010). "Student Letter Criticizes Marty Peretz". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on May 14, 2022. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  29. ^ Oster, Marcy (2010-09-21). "Peretz dropped as Harvard event speaker". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Archived from the original on June 13, 2019. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
  30. ^ Fallows, James (2010-09-25). "Peretz and the Power of Shaming". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
  31. ^ Fallows, James (12 September 2010). "A Harsh Thing I Should Have Said (Martin Peretz Dept) Updated". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
  32. ^ Tracy, Marc (21 September 2010). "Harvard Cancels Peretz Speech". Tablet. Archived from the original on September 24, 2010.
  33. ^ Heer, Jeet (2010-09-13). "The New Republic's Legacy on Race". The New Republic. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
  34. ^ a b Schuessler, Jennifer (2017-10-24). "Leon Wieseltier Admits 'Offenses' Against Female Colleagues as New Magazine Is Killed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved 2017-10-24.
  35. ^ a b c d Wildman, Sarah (2017-11-09). "I was harassed at the New Republic. I spoke up. Nothing happened". Vox. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  36. ^ Last, Jonathan V. (30 October 2003). "Stopping Stephen Glass". The Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on December 10, 2003. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  37. ^ Varadarajan, Tunku (2023-07-07). "'The Controversialist' Review: Mixing It Up With Martin Peretz". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2023-08-02.
  38. ^ Rowan, Nic (2023-07-22). "A Skimmer, Not a Plumber". The American Conservative. Retrieved 2023-08-02.
  39. ^ Cook, John (2011-01-25). "Why Won't Anyone Tell You That Marty Peretz Is Gay?". Gawker. Retrieved 2023-08-02.
  40. ^ "Yiddish Language and Literature". Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University. Archived from the original on 18 February 2008. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  41. ^ "Ruth Wisse Faculty Page". Harvard University. Archived from the original on January 7, 2013. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  42. ^ "About the Institute: Board of Advisors". Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Archived from the original on June 14, 2012. Retrieved 2008-01-16.