The Martin 156, referred to in the press variously as the "Russian Clipper", "Moscow Clipper", or "Soviet Clipper" was a very large flying boat aircraft intended for trans-Pacific service. The single example of the M-156 was designed and built in response to a request from Pan American World Airways to provide a longer-range replacement for the Martin M-130.
Pan Am was seeking to expand its trans-Pacific air service between San Francisco and Hong Kong in 1937. This route had been pioneered by the Martin M-130 and Pan Am was in need of a larger aircraft. The San Francisco to Hawaii flight was 2,400 miles (3,900 km) and took 18 – 20 hours. Pan Am would have configured the M-156 as a 26-berth sleeper. The trans-Pacific flights flying Hawaii -Midway Islands - Wake Island - Guam - Manila - Hong Kong were less than half the California to Hawaii leg. With a lower fuel load requirement, the M-156 could carry additional passengers. The M-156 would have been converted to a 33- to 56-seat day trip configuration. Pan Am and Matson Liners advertised an "Air-Sea Cruise" where Matson Liners carried passengers from San Francisco to Honolulu. Passengers would then transfer to Pan Am Clippers for westward flights to China and the Orient.[2][page needed]
After Pan Am selected the Boeing 314,[3] Martin negotiated a deal with the Soviet Union for this aircraft and the M-156 was never put into regular trans-Pacific service. The M-156 was sold to the Soviets and operated by Aeroflot on the Soviet Union's far-east routes under the designation PS-30.
Like the M-130, the M-156 was a four-engined, parasol wing design. While the M-156 retained the same length as its predecessor, its wingspan was increased by more than 27 ft (8.2 m) with the addition of flaps for increased control. The M-156 also differed from the M-130 by having a horizontal stabilizer mounted atop a pylon at the rear of the hull, with twin vertical stabilizers and twin rudders located atop the horizontal stabilizer.[4][page needed]
Along with the increase in wing size, fuel capacity was expanded from the M-130's 3,165 gal (11,981 L) to a total of 4,260 gal (16,126 L) in the M-156/PS-30. Power for each of the four engines increased from 850 hp (630 kW) to 1,000 hp (750 kW) utilizing the more powerful Wright Cyclone G2 radials. [5][page needed]
The M-156 in Aeroflot service
The Soviet government purchased the M-156 from Martin in 1937. The sale included a set of production plans, engineering specifications and manufacturing licenses as the Soviets intended to mass-produce this aircraft. The German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 negated these plans.
The single M-156/PS-30 was put into regular service in 1940 by Aeroflot and was utilized in the Soviet Far East along the Pacific coast. In this role, Aeroflot configured the aircraft to carry up to 70 passengers. It was flown by Aeroflot until 1944, at which time it was scrapped.[6][page needed]
Specifications (Martin 156C)
Martin 156 3-view drawing from l'Aerophile March 1938
^Barry Taylor, Pan American's Ocean Clippers, TAB Aero, 1991. pp. 112, 116, 120–121. ISBN0-8306-8302-X.
^Daily, Robert (1990). An American Saga – Juan Trippe and His Pan Am Empire. Random House.
^Barry Taylor, Pan American's Ocean Clippers, TAB Aero, 1991. pp. 160. ISBN0-8306-8302-X. "On July 31, 1936, [Pan Am and Boeing] signed a contract for six aircraft, designated the B-314."
^Davies, R.E.G. (1987). Pan Am – an Airline and its Aircraft. illustrated by Mike Machat. Paladar Press.
^Davies, R.E.G. (1987). Pan Am – an Airline and its Aircraft. illustrated by Mike Machat. Paladar Press.
^Davies, R.E.G. (1987). Pan Am – an Airline and its Aircraft. illustrated by Mike Machat. Paladar Press.
