The Mark 77 bomb (MK-77) is a United States 750-pound (340 kg) air-dropped incendiary bomb carrying 110 U.S. gallons (416 L; 92 imp gal) of a fuel gel mix which is the direct successor to napalm.
The MK-77 is the primary incendiary weapon currently in use by the United States military. Instead of the gasoline, polystyrene, and benzene mixture used in napalm bombs, the MK-77 uses kerosene-based fuel with a lower concentration of benzene. The Pentagon has claimed that the MK-77 has less impact on the environment than napalm. The mixture reportedly also contains an oxidizing agent, making it more difficult to put out once ignited, as well as white phosphorus.[1][2]
The effects of MK-77 bombs are similar to those of napalm. The official designation of World War II-era napalm bombs was the Mark 47.[3]
Use of aerial incendiary bombs against civilian populations, including against military targets in civilian areas, was banned in the 1980 United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons Protocol III. However, the United States reserved the right to use incendiary weapons against military objectives located in concentrations of civilians where such use would be determined to cause fewer casualties and/or less collateral damage than alternative weapons.[4]
MK-77s were used by the United States Marine Corps during Operation Desert Storm[5] and Operation Iraqi Freedom.[6] Approximately 500 were dropped, reportedly mostly on Iraqi-constructed oil filled trenches. They were also used at the Battle of Tora Bora during the Afghan War.[2]
At least thirty MK-77s were also used by Marine Corps aviators over a three-day period during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, according to a June 2005 letter from the UK Ministry of Defence to former Labour MP Alice Mahon. This letter stated:
The U.S. destroyed its remaining Vietnam era napalm in 2001 but, according to the reports for I Marine Expeditionary Force (I MEF) serving in Iraq in 2003, they used a total of 30 MK 77 weapons in Iraq between 31 March and 2 April 2003, against military targets away from civilian areas. The MK 77 firebomb does not have the same composition as napalm, although it has similar destructive characteristics. The Pentagon has told us that owing to the limited accuracy of the MK 77, it is not generally used in urban terrain or in areas where civilians are congregated.[7]
This confirmed previous reports by U.S. Marine pilots and their commanders saying they had used Mark 77 firebombs on military targets:
Then the Marine howitzers, with a range of 30 kilometers [181⁄2 mi], opened a sustained barrage over the next eight hours. They were supported by U.S. Navy aircraft which dropped 40,000 pounds [18,000 kg] of explosives and napalm, a U.S. officer told the Herald. "We napalmed both those [bridge] approaches," said Colonel James Alles, commander of Marine Aircraft Group 11. "Unfortunately there were people there ... you could see them in the cockpit video. They were Iraqi soldiers."
According to the Italian public service broadcaster RAI's documentary Fallujah, The Hidden Massacre, the MK 77 had been used in Baghdad in 2003 in civilian-populated areas. However, Marine pilots stated to the San Diego Union-Tribune that the targets of the bombings were Iraqi soldiers defending civilian infrastructure such as bridges, as opposed to targeting civilians directly.[8]
In some cases where journalists reported that the U.S. military has used napalm, military spokesmen denied the use of "napalm" without making it clear that MK-77 bombs had actually been deployed instead.[2][9]
U.S. officials incorrectly informed U.K. Ministry of Defence officials that MK-77s had not been used by the U.S. in Iraq, leading to Defence Minister Adam Ingram making inaccurate statements to the U.K. Parliament in January 2005.[10] Later both Adam Ingram and Secretary of State for Defence John Reid apologized for these inaccurate statements being made to Members of Parliament.
Later variants of the bomb were modified to carry a reduced load of 75 U.S. gallons (284 L; 62 imp gal) of fuel, which resulted in the total weight decreasing to around 552 pounds (250 kg).
Logo of Imagen Televisión since 2016 This is a list of telenovelas and dramatic series produced by Grupo Imagen, which from 2010 to 2015 were broadcast 13 productions in Cadenatres, under the concept of Originales de Cadenatres (Cadenatres Originals), and from 2016 to date, the rest since the start of transmissions in his succession channel, Imagen Televisión.[1] List 2010s # Year Name No. Episodes First/last aired Director Executive producer Ref. as Cadenatres 1 2010 Las Aparicio 120 …
American politician (1927-2004) George Busbee77th Governor of GeorgiaIn officeJanuary 14, 1975 – January 11, 1983LieutenantZell MillerPreceded byJimmy CarterSucceeded byJoe Frank HarrisChair of the National Governors AssociationIn officeAugust 5, 1980 – August 11, 1981Preceded byOtis BowenSucceeded byRichard Snelling Personal detailsBornGeorge Dekle Busbee(1927-08-07)August 7, 1927Vienna, Georgia, U.S.DiedJuly 16, 2004(2004-07-16) (aged 76)Savannah, Georgia, U.S.Restin…
Véase también: Selección femenina de fútbol de España Selección de fútbol de España Datos generalesPaís EspañaCódigo FIFA ESPFederación Real Federación Española de Fútbol (RFEF)Confederación Unión de Federaciones Europeas de Fútbol (UEFA)Seudónimo(s) «La Roja»[1]«La Furia»[2][3]Seleccionador Luis de la Fuente (desde 2022)Capitán Álvaro MorataMás goles David Villa (59)Más partidos Sergio Ramos (180)Clasificación FIFA 8.ª (noviembre de 2023)T…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (سبتمبر 2021) شاركت الحكومة الصينية بنشاط في المعلومات المضللة للتقليل من ظهور COVID-19 في الصين والتلاعب بالمعلومات حول انتشاره في جميع أنحاء العالم.[1][2] كما احتجزت
Як займатися сексомангл. How to Have SexЖанр драматичний фільм[1]Режисер Molly Manning Walkerd[2]Продюсер Konstantinos Kontovrakisd[2]Сценарист Molly Manning Walkerd[2]У головних ролях Mia Mckenna-Bruced[2], Lara Peaked[2], Samuel Bottomleyd[2], Shaun Thomasd[2], Anna Antoniadesd[2], Daisy Jelleyd[2], Eilidh Loand…
Town in Connecticut, United StatesSouthbury, ConnecticutTownTown of SouthburySouthbury Town Hall Seal New Haven County and Connecticut Naugatuck Valley Planning Region and ConnecticutShow SouthburyShow ConnecticutShow the United StatesCoordinates: 41°28′25″N 73°14′03″W / 41.47361°N 73.23417°W / 41.47361; -73.23417Country United StatesState ConnecticutCountyNew HavenRegionNaugatuck ValleyIncorporated1787Government • TypeSelectman…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (نوفمبر 2022) جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولالأدب أشكال رئيسة رواية شعر دراما قصة قصيرة نثر حكاية خرافية حكاية رمزية رواية قصيرة قصة إطارية الأنواع دراما كوميديا شعر ملحمي أدب إي…
Duchess of Penthièvre Maria Teresa d'EsteDuchess of PenthièvrePortrait attributed to Daniel Klein, c. 1745-47.Born(1726-10-06)6 October 1726Ducal Palace, ModenaDied30 April 1754(1754-04-30) (aged 27)Château de Rambouillet, FranceBurialChapelle royale de DreuxSpouse Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre (m. 1744)IssueDetailLouis Marie, Duke of RambouilletLouis Alexandre, Prince of LamballeJean Marie, Duke of ChâteauvillainVincent, Count o…
Film Titel Liebe auf der Flucht Originaltitel L’amour en fuite Produktionsland Frankreich Originalsprache Französisch Erscheinungsjahr 1979 Länge 89 Minuten Altersfreigabe FSK 12 Stab Regie François Truffaut Drehbuch François TruffautMarie-France PisierJean AurelSuzanne Schiffman Produktion François Truffaut Musik Georges Delerue Kamera Néstor Almendros Schnitt Martine Barraqué Besetzung Jean-Pierre Léaud: Antoine Doinel Claude Jade: Christine Doinel Marie-France Pisier: Colette T…
Sai Sai Kham LengSai Sai dalam konser musik Myanmar di Singapura pada 2011.Nama asal(Myanmar)LahirSai Sai Kham Leng10 April 1979 (umur 44)[1]Taunggyi, Negara Bagian Shan, MyanmarKebangsaanMyanmarAlmamaterUniversitas DagonUniversitas Bahasa Asing YangonPekerjaanPenyanyi • penulis lagu • rapper • pemeran • peraga busanaTinggi5 ft 10 in (1,78 m)Orang tuaKham Leng (ayah)Cho Cho San Tun (ibu)KerabatSao San Tun (kakek buyut)Karier musikGenreR&B, Hip hop, Po…
Mané Informasi pribadiNama lengkap José Manuel Jiménez OrtizTanggal lahir 21 Desember 1981 (umur 41)Tempat lahir Tarifa, SpanyolTinggi 1,75 m (5 ft 9 in)Posisi bermain Bek kiriInformasi klubKlub saat ini AlmeríaNomor 21Karier junior LinenseKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2000–2002 Linense 12 (0)2002–2003 Díter Zafra 8 (1)2003–2005 Atlético Madrid B 68 (14)2005–2006 Ciudad Murcia 39 (2)2006–2009 Almería 103 (3)2009–2013 Getafe 101 (2)2013 Maccabi Tel Avi…
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Not to be confused with Chaim Sofer, the Hungarian rabbi and author of Machne Chaim. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Yaakov Chaim Sofer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Yaakov Chaim Sofer (1870–1939)[1] (H…
Á ThánhCharlemagneCarolus MagnusHoàng đế của người La Mã Chân dung Carolus Đại đế do Albrecht Dürer Hoàng đế của Đế quốc CarolusTại vị25 tháng 10 năm 800 – 28 tháng 1 năm 814Đăng quang25 tháng 12 năm 800Vương cung thánh đường Thánh Phêrô Cũ, RomaKế nhiệmLouis Mộ Đạo Vua của người LombardTại vị10 tháng 7 năm 774 – 28 tháng 1 năm 814Đăng quang10 tháng 7 năm 774PaviaTiền nhiệmDesideriusKế nhiệmLouis Mộ Đ…
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