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Mark 48 torpedo
Mark 48 torpedo
	Technicians perform maintenance on a Mark 48 torpedo in 1982.
Type	Heavyweight dual-purpose ASW and ASuW torpedo
Place of origin	United States
Service history
In service	1972–present (Mod 1) 1988–present (ADCAP) 2008–present Mod 7 Common Broadband Advanced Sonar System (CBASS)
Used by	United States Navy; Brazilian Navy; Royal Australian Navy; Royal Canadian Navy; Royal Netherlands Navy; Republic of China Navy
Production history
Designer	Gould, Inc.; Naval Surface Warfare Center
Designed	1967
Manufacturer	Gould/Honeywell (Mod 1); Hughes Aircraft (ADCAP) Westinghouse Naval Systems Cleveland Ohio
Unit cost	$894,000 (1978 USD); $3,500,000 (ADCAP) (1988); $3,800,000 (CBASS)(2005 USD); $5.39m (2022) ;
Specifications
Mass	3,434 lb (1,558 kg) (original), 3,695 lb (1,676 kg) (ADCAP)
Length	19 ft (5.8 m)
Diameter	21 in (530 mm)
Effective firing range	38 km (24 mi; 21 nmi) at 55 kn (102 km/h; 63 mph) or 50 km (31 mi; 27 nmi) at 40 kn (74 km/h; 46 mph) (estimated),; officially "greater than 5 miles [4.3 nmi; 8.0 km]"
Warhead	high explosive plus unused fuel
Warhead weight	647 lb (293 kg)
Detonation; mechanism	proximity fuze
Engine	swash-plate piston engine; pump jet
Propellant	Otto fuel II
Maximum depth	500 fathoms, 800 m (2,600 ft) (estimated), officially "greater than 1,200 ft"
Maximum speed	55 kn (63 mph; 102 km/h) (estimated); officially "greater than 28 kn (52 km/h; 32 mph)"
Guidance; system	Common Broadband Advanced Sonar System
Launch; platform	Submarine

The Mark 48 and its improved Advanced Capability (ADCAP) variant are American heavyweight submarine-launched torpedoes. They were designed to sink deep-diving nuclear-powered submarines and high-performance surface ships.

History

The Mark 48 was initially developed as REsearch TORpedo Concept II (RETORC II), one of several weapons recommended for implementation by Project Nobska, a 1956 summer study on submarine warfare.^[9] The Mk-48 torpedo was designed at the end of the 1960s to keep up with the advances in Soviet submarine technology. Operational since 1972, it replaced the Mk-37, Mk-14 and Mk-16 torpedoes as the principal weapon of U.S. Navy submarines.^[3] With the entry into service of the new Soviet Alfa-class submarine in 1977, the decision was made to accelerate the ADCAP program, which would bring significant modifications to the torpedo. Tests were run to ensure that the weapon could keep up with the developments and the weapon was modified with improved acoustics and electronics. The new version of the weapon, also known as Mk-48 Mod 5, was extensively tested and production started in 1985, with entry into service in 1988. From then on, various upgrades have been added to the torpedo. As of 2012^[update] Mk-48 Mod 6 was in service; a Mod 7 version was test fired in 2008 in Exercise RIMPAC. The inventory of the U.S. Navy in 2001 was 1,046 Mk-48 torpedoes.^[7] In 2017 Lockheed's production was approximately 50 per year.^[10]

Deployment

The Mk-48 torpedo is designed to be launched from submarine torpedo tubes. The weapon is carried by all U.S. Navy submarines, including Ohio-class ballistic missile submarines and Seawolf-, Los Angeles-, and Virginia-class attack submarines. It is also used on Canadian, Australian, and Dutch submarines.

Mk-48 and Mk-48 ADCAP torpedoes can be guided from a submarine by wires attached to the torpedo. They can also use their own active or passive sensors to execute programmed target search, acquisition, and attack procedures. The torpedo is designed to detonate under the keel of a surface ship, breaking the keel and destroying its structural integrity. In the event of a miss, it can circle back for another attempt.^[11]

Propulsion

The swashplate piston engine is fueled by Otto fuel II, a monopropellant which combusts to drive the engine. The thrust is generated by a propulsor assembly.

Sensors and improvements

The torpedo's seeker has an active electronically steered "pinger" (2D phased array sonar) that helps avoid having to maneuver as it approaches the target. Unconfirmed reports^{[by whom?]} indicate that the torpedo's sensors can monitor surrounding electrical and magnetic fields. This may refer to the electromagnetic coils on the warhead (at least from 1977 to 1981), used to sense the metallic mass of the ship's hull and detonate at the proper stand-off distance.

The torpedo has been the subject of continued improvement over its service lifetime. In the 1990s, a Mod 6 variant of the ADCAP provided much improved noise isolation for the engine, which makes this torpedo more difficult to detect for a potential target.

The Mk48 Mod 7 Common Broadband Advanced Sonar System (CBASS) torpedo is optimized for both the deep and littoral waters and has advanced counter-countermeasure capabilities. The MK48 ADCAP Mod 7 (CBASS) torpedo is the result of a Joint Development Program with the Royal Australian Navy and reached Initial Operational Capability in 2006.^[8] The modular Mod 7 variant increases sonar bandwidth, enabling it to transmit and receive pings over a wider frequency band, taking advantage of broadband signal processing techniques to greatly improve search, acquisition, and attack effectiveness. This version is much more resistant to enemy countermeasures.^[12]

On July 25, 2008 a MK 48 Mod 7 CBASS torpedo fired by an Australian Collins-class submarine, HMAS Waller, successfully sank a test target during the Rim of the Pacific 2008 (RIMPAC) exercises.^[13]^[14]

In 2015 the USN announced plans to restart production and seek a more modular design.^[15] Lockheed Martin is to upgrade existing Mark 48s to include a new guidance-control system known as the Common Broadband Advanced Sonar System (CBASS), in addition to improving propulsion and resistance to electronic countermeasures.^[16]

Starting in 2003, the US Navy began the Stealth Torpedo Enhancement Program which aims to upgrade the capability of the existing Mk 48 design by implementing alternative fuel sources including electric fuel cells, and a "swim out" capability, a capability that allows a torpedo to leave the tube under its own power without using a torpedo tube's noisier compressed air-launch system. The program is ongoing, with many details yet classified.^[17]

Operators

Current operators

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Jolie, E.W. (15 September 1978). "A Brief History of US Navy Torpedo Development: Torpedo Mine Mk48". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
^ Polmar, Norman. "The Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet: Torpedoes". United States Naval Institute Proceedings, November 1978, p. 159.
^ ^a ^b "MK 48". Federation of American Scientists Military Analysis Network. www.fas.org. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
^ "Mark 48 CBASS". www.deagel.com.
^ "New Look at Air Force's Ship-Killing Smart Bomb in Action, Seeker Details Revealed". 22 September 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Thomas, Vincent C. The Almanac of Seapower 1987. Navy League of the United States (1987). ISBN 0-9610724-8-2. p. 190.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Mk 48 ADCAP". Jane's Naval Forces News. www.janes.com. Archived from the original on April 1, 2001. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
^ ^a ^b "US Navy Fact File: Heavyweight Torpedo - Mark 48 Archived 2020-07-02 at the Wayback Machine", US Navy, 17 January 2009, Retrieved 10 March 2010.
^ Friedman, Norman (1994). U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 109–114. ISBN 1-55750-260-9.
^ Osborn, Kris (24 November 2017). "Navy Engineers New Lethal, Super High-Tech Mk 48 Torpedo". Scout.com. Retrieved 27 November 2017.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ D'Costa, Ian. "This is what makes the Mark 48 one of the deadliest torpedoes ever built". We are the mighty. Mighty Networks. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
^ The U.S. Navy's New Lethal Torpedo Is Almost Ready for War - Nationalinterest.org, 31 May 2016
^ "Aussie sub sinks US Warship". The Sydney Morning Herald. 25 July 2008. Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. An Australian submarine has fired a new heavy torpedo for the first time and sunk a US warship. But, rest easy, the dramatic event was part of an exercise and not a sudden deterioration in relations with the US. [...] The new heavyweight torpedo, jointly developed by Australia and the US, was fired yesterday during the Rim of the Pacific 2008 (RIMPAC 08) exercise. Multiple navies are taking part in the exercise off the coast of Hawaii, which featured the planned sinking of a retired US warship. The MK 48 Mod 7 Common Broadband Advanced Sonar System (CBASS) torpedo is considered the world's premier submarine-launched torpedo.
^ "BBC Video: Torpedo test sinks US ship". BBC. July 24, 2008. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
^ Eckstein, Megan (29 October 2015). "Navy Planning Torpedo Restart, Would Be Modular Design With Multiple Payloads". news.usni.org. USNI. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
^ Mizokami, Kyle (December 27, 2016). "The U.S. Navy is Getting a More Lethal Torpedo". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. Defense contractor Lockheed Martin is upgrading existing Mark 48s to a new standard. A new, upgraded torpedo will run quieter, have an improved propulsion system, be more resistant to electronic countermeasures, and have an all-new guidance control system known as Common Broadband Advanced Sonar System, or CBASS. The new system should allow for locking onto enemy vessels at even longer ranges. In addition to upgrading older torpedoes, Lockheed will deliver 250 more brand new Mark 48s to the U.S. Navy.
^ An Assessment of Undersea Weapons Science and Technology. 9 June 2000. doi:10.17226/9863. ISBN 978-0-309-06926-7.
^ "Armed with a heavyweight torpedo made to 'break ships in half,' Taiwan's first homemade submarine represents a new threat to China's navy". Business Insider. 23 Oct 2023.