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Marchantia polymorpha
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Marchantiophyta
Class:	Marchantiopsida
Order:	Marchantiales
Family:	Marchantiaceae
Genus:	Marchantia
Species:	M. polymorpha
Binomial name
	Marchantia polymorpha; L.
Synonyms
	Marchantia alpestris; Marchantia aquatica

Marchantia polymorpha is a species of large thalloid liverwort in the class Marchantiopsida.^[1] M. polymorpha is highly variable in appearance and contains several subspecies.^[2] This species is dioicous, having separate male and female plants.^[2] M. polymorpha has a wide distribution and is found worldwide.^[3] Common names include common liverwort or umbrella liverwort.^[2]

Distribution

Marchantia polymorpha subsp. ruderalis has a circumpolar boreo-arctic cosmopolitan distribution, found worldwide on all continents except Antarctica.^[4]

Habitat

Marchantia polymorpha grows on shaded moist soil and rocks in damp habitats such as the banks of streams and pools, bogs, fens and dune slacks.^[1] While most varieties grow on moist substrates, Marchantia polymorpha var. aquatica is semi-aquatic and is often found invading marshes, as well as small ponds that do not have a consistent water table.^[3]

The species often grows in man-made habitats such as gardens, paths and greenhouses and can be a horticultural weed. One method of spread is in the production and sale of liners. Liners infested with M. polymorpha, often in association with silvery thread moss, are commonly grown in one region of the country, transported to another region to continue growth, and are shipped to a retail location before being planted. Plants have the potential to pick up or disperse these species at each point of transfer.^[5]

Marchantia polymorpha is known to be able to use artificial light to grow in places which are otherwise devoid of natural light. A study from Niagara Cave showed that under such conditions, Marchantia polymorpha was able to produce gemmae, indicating that the plant could be able to reproduce in illuminated caves.^[6] It has also been reported from Crystal Cave in Wisconsin.^[7]

Ecology

An important benefit of M. polymorpha is that it is frequently the first vegetation to appear after a large wildfire. Exposed mineral soil and high lime concentrations present after a severe fire provide favorable conditions for gametophyte establishment. After invading the burned area, M. polymorpha grows rapidly, sometimes covering the entire site. This is important to the prevention of soil erosion that frequently occurs after severe fires, causing significant, long-term, environmental damage.

In addition, M. polymorpha renews the humus in the burned soil, and over time raises the quality of the soil to a point where other vegetation can be established.^[3] Not only does common liverwort secure burned soil and improve its quality, but after a certain point, when the soil health is restored, it can no longer compete with the vegetation that originally inhabited the area.

In a USDA study in northeastern Minnesota, M. polymorpha dominated the landscape for 3 years after a severe fire, but after 5 years was replaced by lichen. After a similar fire in New Jersey M. polymorpha covered the ground for 2–3 years, but was then replaced with local shrubs and forbs. In Alaska the following vegetative successions were observed after a fire, again indicating that after soil rehabilitation has occurred the original flora returns and outcompetes M. polymorpha.^[3]

Morphology

It is a thallose liverwort which forms a rosette of flattened thalli with forked branches. The thalli grow up to 10cm long with a width of up to 2cm. It is usually green in colour but older plants can become brown or purplish. The upper surface has a pattern of polygonal markings. The underside is covered by many root-like rhizoids which attach the plant to the soil.^[2] The complex oil bodies in Marchantia polymorpha, as in all Marchantiopsida species, are restricted to specialized cells where they occupy nearly the entire intracellular space.^[8]

Life cycle and reproduction

Life cycle

The life cycle has an alternation of generations. Haploid gametophytes produces haploid gametes, egg and sperm, which then fuse to form a diploid zygote. The zygote later develops into a sporophyte which later produces haploid spores through meiosis.

Reproduction

Sexual reproduction

The plants produce umbrella-like reproductive structures known as gametangiophores. The gametangiophores of female plants (also known as archegoniophores) consist of a stalk with star-like rays at the top. These contain archegonia, the organs which produce the ova. Male gametangiophores (also known as antheridiophores) are topped by a flattened disc containing the antheridia which produce sperm.^[2]^[9]

Asexual reproduction

This species reproduces asexually by gemmae that are produced within gemma cups. Gemmae are lentil shaped and are released by droplets of water. Plants produced in this way can expand a patch significantly.^[2]

Bioindicator for pollution

The U.S. Department of Agriculture has studied M. polymorpha for its use in rehabilitating disturbed sites due to its ability to tolerate high lead concentrations in soils, along with other heavy metals. In turn, M. polymorpha colonies can be an indication that a site has high concentrations of heavy metals, especially when found in dense mats with little other vegetative species present.^[3] A study from Loja city in tropical Ecuador found that, when growing in an urban setting, M. polymorpha bioaccumulated four heavy metals, aluminium, copper, iron and zinc.^[10]

Human use

It has historically been thought to remedy liver ailments because of its perceived similarities to the shape and texture of animal livers.^[11] This is an example of the doctrine of signatures.

Marchantia polymorpha produces the antifungal bis[bibenzyls] dihydrostilbenoids plagiochin E, 13,13'-O-isoproylidenericcardin D, riccardin H, marchantin E, neomarchantin A, marchantin A and marchantin B. Its strong fungicidal capability has been used successfully in the treatment of skin and nail fungi.^[12]

Gallery

Archegoniophore
Archegonium
Sporangium
Gemmae cup
Gemma

References

^ ^a ^b "Marchantia polymorpha | Introduction to Bryophytes". Retrieved 2022-02-19.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Equihua, Clementina (1987). "Diseminación de yemas en Marchantia polymorpha L. (Hepaticae)". Cryptogamie, Bryologie, Lichénologie. 8 (3): 199–217.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Matthews, Robin F. 1993. Marchantia polymorpha. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/bryophyte/marpol/all.html [2017, December 8].
^ "Marchantia polymorpha subsp. ruderalis" (PDF). Atlas of British and Irish Bryophytes. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
^ "Controlling Liverwort and Moss Now and in the Future" (PDF). Retrieved November 16, 2018.
^ Thatcher, Edward P. (1947). "Observations on Bryophytes Living in an Artificially Illuminated Limestone Cave". The American Midland Naturalist. 37 (3): 797–800. doi:10.2307/2421476. JSTOR 2421476.
^ Thatcher, Edward P. (1949). "Bryophytes of an Artificially Illuminated Cave". The Bryologist. 52 (4): 212–214. doi:10.2307/3239480. JSTOR 3239480.
^ He, Xiaolan; Sun, Yu; Zhu, Rui-Liang (2013-09-03). "The Oil Bodies of Liverworts: Unique and Important Organelles in Land Plants". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 32 (5): 293–302. Bibcode:2013CRvPS..32..293H. doi:10.1080/07352689.2013.765765. ISSN 0735-2689. S2CID 55444410.
^ Ishizaki (2016). "Molecular Genetic Tools and Techniques for Marchantia polymorpha Research". Plant & Cell Physiology. 57 (2): 262–270. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcv097. PMID 26116421.
^ Vásquez, Cristina; Calva, James; Morocho, Ramiro; Donoso, David A.; Benítez, Ángel (2019). "Bryophyte Communities along a Tropical Urban River Respond to Heavy Metal and Arsenic Pollution". Water. 11 (4): 813. doi:10.3390/w11040813.
^ Bland, J. H. 1971. Forests of Lilliput. The realm of mosses and lichens. New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
^ Niu, C; Qu, JB; Lou, HX (2006). "Antifungal bisbibenzyls from the Chinese liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L". Chemistry & Biodiversity. 3 (1): 34–40. doi:10.1002/cbdv.200690004. PMID 17193213. S2CID 46301279.

Altland, James. Marchantia polymorpha. Accessed 4 July 2009.
British Bryological Society (2010) Marchantia polymorpha Accessed 22 October 2018.
Matthews, Robin F. (1993) Marchantia polymorpha. Accessed 4 July 2009.
Raven, Peter H.; Ray F. Evert & Susan E. Eichhorn (1999) Biology of Plants, W. H. Freeman, New York.
Rook, Earl J. S. (1999) Marchantia polymorpha. Accessed 4 July 2009.
Smith, AJE (1989) The Liverworts of Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Walkowiak, Radoslaw Janusz (2020) Short Notes of Marchantia polymorpha. CTC PAPER 2020.