The Marakkars have maintained their traditional role as a mercantile community from their historical origins to the present day.[5] They are a multilingual community with language use varying by region. In Kerala, they predominantly speak Malayalam, while Tamil Nadu's Marakkar population speaks Tamil.[3] In Sri Lanka, community members are conversant in both Sinhala and Tamil. Religiously, the Marakkars are adherents of Sunni Islam.[5]
The Marakkars achieved particular prominence in the early modern period as the first Indian mercantile community to establish settlements in British Malaya.[6] However, their most significant historical impact was during medieval India. Before the Portuguese Armada's arrival on Indian shores in 1497, the Marakkars exercised substantial control over Indian Ocean trade networks.[7] They later gained distinction as the first Indic ethnic group to mount sustained military resistance against European colonial expansion, engaging in a hundred-year conflict with the Portuguese from 1520 to 1619.[8] This resistance was notably led by Admiral Kunjali Marakkar IV, whom some regard as "the first Indian freedom fighter."[9]
Scholars also suggest that the Marakkars played a very significant role in the spread of Islam throughout the Indonesian Archipelago.[10] Their maritime trade networks and established presence across multiple regions facilitated this religious diffusion, though the exact extent of their influence remains a subject of academic discussion.[10]
Origins
The Islamized Arabs who arrived on the Coromandel and Malabar Coast brought Islamic values and customs and inter-married with the indigenous women who followed the local Buddhist, Jain & Hindu customs. Naturally, their children will have embedded Islamic and local values and transmitted them to their descendants. From the outset, the Arabs must, in all probability, have asserted the centrality of Islamic values in their relationship with the local women while making the necessary adjustments to local customs. This is the pattern that has survived to this day.[11]
Religion
West Coast of India
In contrast to the Hanafis of Northern India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, the Marakkars are part of a distinct South Indian Muslim community that follows the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence.[2][11][12] They are one of several interconnected cultural groups along India's southwestern coast, including the Nawayaths of Konkan, Kodava Maaple of Coorg, Bearys of Tulu Nadu, and the Mappillas of Malabar. These communities share common religious practices and cultural traditions shaped by their coastal heritage and historical trade connections.
Economic Status
Most Marakkars are, in some way or other, connected to foreign trade through which they became more advanced economically and socially than the different Muslim groups in the locality and even many Hindu sub-castes.[11]
The term "Marrakayar" etymology and its variousis forms.
The first is from the term 'Marakala+aayar', which may mean those who wooden boat maker or worker in boats.[11] In Tamil/Malayalam, "marakalam" signifies "wooden boat" and "aayar" which means worker. That it is the association of these two words that give Marakkayar.[11]
Role in regional history
According to twooden boatmaker he worker in wooden b Marakkars were maritime merchants of Arab descent who supported the trade means worker in boatin the Indian Ocean and settled in the tal regions of Kayalpattinam, Kilakarai, Adirampattinam, Thoothukudi, Nagore and Karaikal. But they shifted their trade to Kochi and then migrated to Ponnani in the Zamorin's dominion when the Portuguese fleets came to the Kingdom of Cochin. With the emergence of the Portuguese in India, some Marakkars were forced to take up arms and enlist themselves in the service of the Hindu king (the zamorin) of Calicut. The Marakkar naval chiefs of Calicut were known as Kunjali Marakkars.[14]
Language
The Arabic language brought by the early merchants is no longer spoken, though many Arabic words and phrases are still commonly used. Until recently, the Mappila Muslims employed Arabi Malayalam, and the Tamil Muslims employed Arwi as their native language, though this is also extinct as a spoken language. Today, they use Malayalam and Tamil as their primary language, with influence from Arabic. Many Arabic and Arabized words exist in Malayalam and Tamil, spoken by Marakkars. Among many examples, greetings and blessings are exchanged in Arabic instead of Malayalam/Tamil, such as Assalamu Alaikum instead of Shaanthiyum Samadanavum, Jazakallah instead of Nanni/Nandri and Pinjhan/Finjan/Pinjaanam for Bowl/Cup.
There are also words which are unique to Marakkars and Sri Lankan Moors, such as Laatha for elder-sister, Kaka for elder-brother, Umma for mother and Vappa for father, suggesting a close relationship between Marakkars of India and Marrakkar and Moors of Sri Lanka.[15] The Marakkars of Sri Lanka falls under the 'Sri Lankan Moors group, defined by the Sri Lankan government as a separate ethnic group.[15] There are also words derived from Sinhala, such as Mattapa for the terrace. There are also words from the Purananuru era, such as Aanam for Kulambu and Puliaanam for rasam or soup.
English
Malayalam/Tamil
Marakkar Malayalam/Tamil
Father
Appan/Appa
Uppa/Vaapa
Mother
Amma
Umma
Brother
Chetan/Annan
Kaaka/Naana
Sister
Chechi/Akka
Thaatha/Laatha
Son
makan
mon/mavan
Daughter
makal
mol/maval
Marakkars and Marakkayars
Marakkars of Kottakal (Kerala)
In Kerala, Marakkar, known as Marikkars, are primarily concentrated in and around Malabar. They were traditionally boatmen.[4]
According to tradition, Marakkars were originally marine merchants of Kochi who left for Ponnani in the Samoothiri Raja's dominion when the Portuguese came to Kochi. They offered their men, ships and wealth in defence of their motherland to the Samoothiri of Kozhikode – The Raja, who took them into his service and eventually became the Admirals of his fleet. They served as the naval chiefs in the Zamorin's army. Kunjali Marakkar, one of the first Keralites to rebel against the Portuguese, hailed from the Marikkar community.[16]
^Marakkar is the Malayalam spelling. Other spellings include Maricar, Marecar, Marikkar, Markiyar, Marican, Marecan, TamilMarrakayar and SinhaleseMarakkala.[1][2]
^Pillai, Patrick (14 October 2015). Yearning to Belong. Ch. 1: “Mamak” and Malaysian: The Indian Muslim Quest for Identity. ISEAS Publishing. ISBN9789814519687.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
