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Malabar grouper
	Epinephelus malabaricus in uShaka Marine World
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Perciformes
Family:	Serranidae
Subfamily:	Epinephelinae
Tribe:	Epinephelini
Genus:	Epinephelus
Species:	E. malabaricus
Binomial name
	Epinephelus malabaricus; (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
Synonyms
	Holocentrus malabaricus Bloch & Schneider, 1801; Cephalopholis malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801); Holocentrus salmoides Lacépède, 1802; Epinephelus salmoides (Lacépède, 1802); Epinephelus salmonoides (Valenciennes, 1828); Serranus crapao Cuvier, 1829; Serranus polypodophilus Bleeker, 1849; Serranus estuarius Macleay, 1883; Epinephelus cylindricus Postel, 1965;

The Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus) also known as blackspot rockcod, estuary rockcod, giant rock cod, greasy grouper, Malabar rockcod, Morgan's cod or speckled grouper, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in the Indo-Pacific region. It has entered the Mediterranean Sea from the Red Sea by way of the Suez Canal as a Lessepsian migrant.

Distribution and habitat

The Malabar grouper is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the Indo-West Pacific area from the eastern coast of Africa to the Tonga Islands, Red Sea included.^[2]^[1] It was first recorded in the eastern Mediterranean Sea in 1969 where it remains extremely rare. Mariculture and shipping are possible vectors of introduction.^[3] This grouper lives in various habitats, such as lagoons, mangroves, coral and rocky reefs, sandy and muddy bottom areas,^[4] between 2 and 150 m deep.^[5] The juveniles prefers lagoon or brackish areas.^[4]

Description

The Malabar grouper can reach a length up to 234 cm (92 in), but average size is usually around 100 cm (39 in).^[6] It has a light grey to light brownish background color, with a number of dark brown spots randomly scattered, which increase in number with age. The body has also a various number of brown diagonal stripes. Younger fish have a number of wide, broken vertical bands of darker shade across their bodies, but in maturity they seem to become a uniform darker colour. Young fish have numerous brown spots. The tail fin is rounded.^[3]

Biology

Epinephelus malabaricus is a protogynous hermaphrodite, as these fishes at some point in their lifespan change sex from female to male.^[5] Malabar grouper are voracious predators, they feed on fish, crustaceans, and occasionally, cephalopods.^[7]

Parasites

As most fish, the Malabar grouper harbours a variety of parasites, including the diplectanid monogeneans Pseudorhabdosynochus manifestus, P. maaensis, P. malabaricus, P. manipulus, P. marcellus, and P. maternus.^[8]

Uses

Malabar groupers are harvested for food, sport, and commercially; some are grown in aquaculture.

Gallery

Epinephelus malabaricus from Sudan Coast
Epinephelus malabaricus from Sabah, Malaysia
Close-up
Video clip

References

^ ^a ^b Samoilys, M.; Amorim, P.; Choat, J.H.; Law, C.; Ma, K.; Myers, R.F.; Nair, R.; Rhodes, K.; Russell, B.; Suharti, S.; To, A. (2018). "Epinephelus malabaricus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T61338A46627320. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T61338A46627320.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Epinephelus malabaricus". FishBase. December 2019 version.
^ ^a ^b Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea (Epinephelus malabaricus). 2nd Edition. 2021. 366p. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco.https://ciesm.org/atlas/fishes_2nd_edition/Epinephelus_malabaricus.pdf
^ ^a ^b van der Elst, R.P. and F. Adkin (eds.), 1991. Marine linefish: priority species and research objectives in southern Africa. Oceanogr. Res. Inst., Spec. Publ. No.1. 132 p.
^ ^a ^b Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p.
^ Fischer, W., I. Sousa, C. Silva, A. de Freitas, J.M. Poutiers, W. Schneider, T.C. Borges, J.P. Feral and A. Massinga, 1990. Fichas FAO de identificaçío de espécies para actividades de pesca. Guía de campo das espécies comerciais marinhas e de águas salobras de Moçambique. Publicaçao preparada em collaboraçao com o Instituto de Investigaçao Pesquiera de Moçambique, com financiamento do Projecto PNUD/FAO MOZ/86/030 e de NORAD. Roma, FAO. 1990. 424 p.
^ Lieske, E. and R. Myers, 1994. Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Harper Collins Publishers, 400 p.
^ Justine, Jean-Lou, and Aude Sigura. "Monogeneans of the malabar grouper Epinephelus malabaricus (Perciformes, Serranidae) off New Caledonia, with a description of six new species of Pseudorhabdosynochus (Monogenea: Diplectanidae)." Zootaxa 1543 (2007): 1–44. Abstract