Maiuma (city)

This article is about the ancient town near Gaza. For the ancient festival, see Maiuma (festival).
Maiuma
Place
Maiuma is located in State of Palestine
Maiuma
Maiuma
Location of Maiuma within Palestine
Coordinates: 31°31′N 34°27′E / 31.517°N 34.450°E / 31.517; 34.450
StateState of Palestine
Founded1st century BCE

Maiuma (also Maiumas or Maiouma, Maioumas) is one of the names of the main ancient port of Gaza, at times functioning as a separate city; the other ancient port of Gaza was Anthedon.[1][2] Its remains are situated at present-day Rimal near Gaza City in the Gaza Strip.

History

A "harbour of Gaza" is first documented in one of the Zenon Papyri, a business letter written in September 258 BCE.[2][3]

In antiquity, Maiuma was one of the two ports of Gaza,[1] serving as the Incense Road's principal emporium on the Mediterranean. Located near Gaza, it was simply called "the port of Gaza" in many early sources, for instance Strabo[4] and Ptolemy referred to it as Gazaion limen. However, it was distinct from the city, which was located opposite it,[5] and recognised as an independent city since the early Christian era. The Greek name Neapolis ("the new city") seems to have also been used in reference to it.[6][clarification needed]

Nabataeans and Hasmoneans

The port of Gaza was at the end of the Nabataean spice and incense trade route, dealing in herbs, spices incense, drapery, glass and food. Goods arrived in the port on the backs of camels from Southern Arabia (the Kingdom of Sheba) through Petra, the Arava Valley and crossing the Negev Desert via Avdat. At the port of Gaza, these goods were dispatched to the European markets.[7][8] Alexander Jannaeus' conquest of Gaza that denied the Nabateans access to the port and trade with Rome led to Obodas launching a military campaign against the Hasmonean king.[9]

Roman and Byzantine periods

Maiuma was rebuilt after it was incorporated into the Roman Empire in 63 BCE under the command of Pompey Magnus and trade routes were reopened.[10] Although the town grew to a community of no small importance with a population as high as 9,000 and increasingly sought independence of Gaza, it remained a dependent kōme (dependent settlement of a Greek polis).[11]

During the reign of Constantine the Great, who granted Maiuma the status of a separate city, it received the name Konstanteia after the emperor's sister (or son).[12] It has been suggested that Maiuma's residents "collectively opted to convert to Christianity"[13] or that it made some sort of public declaration of its Christianity.[11]

Under Emperor Julian, known as Julian the Apostate by Christians, it was downgraded and the name was changed to Maioumas, which can be seen as simply meaning "harbour place",[5][14] or as "the part of Gaza towards the sea".[15] As a consequence of this, it is associated by some with a pagan festival also called the Maiuma or Maiouma,[16][17] however others consider the word "maiuma" or "maiouma" to have evolved to cover a much wider set of meanings by the time the port near Gaza was given this name, with no Maiuma festival in the original meaning of the word ever taking place there.[14] Following emperors did not reverse Julian's decision, though they allowed Maiuma to maintain an independent bishopric.[11]

Christianity in Maiuma

See also: Hilarion

Maiuma seems to have been an early center of the spread of Christianity, which may explain the treatment of its status by Constantine and Julian. Its population was said to have been largely Egyptian in origin.[18] Gaza steadfastly held on to its pagan faith and withstood Christian misdionary attempts, and as a result the first bishops of Gaza resided at Maiuma.[19] As the city regained its independence from Gaza, for a certain period of time it had its own bishop, due to Gaza's relatively long resistance to introduction of Christianity. The first known bishop of Maiuma was a certain Zeno from around 395 to after 400, mentioned by Sozomenus.[20] Among others known are Paulianus (or Paulinianus), participant in the First Council of Ephesus in 431; Paul, who took part in the Second Council of Ephesus in 449; Peter the Iberian who was reluctant to serve in the office but was elected by the citizens in 452 nevertheless; John Rufus, his successor; and Procopius, chronologically the last known bishop of Maiuma, known to have participated in the Synod of Jerusalem of 581.[19] Mention must also be made of St. Cosmas of Maiuma.

The city was famous for the fact that the tomb of a Saint Victor was located there; he had been an Egyptian martyr,[19] but more about his identity is unknown.[21][clarification needed][22]

Severus of Antioch, disicple of Peter the Iberian, founded a monastery in the vicinity of Maiuma around the year 500. According to the Life of Severus, written by Zacharias Rhetor, this was done after Severus received a substantial inheritance and the monastery of Peter had been converted from a laura to a coenobium. John Moschus mentions a laura that might be that of Severus in the early seventh century, however, the exact location of the monastery remains unknown.[23]

Bishops of Maiuma

Constantine offered Christian Maiuma independence from pagan Gaza, Julian the Apostate reverted the administrative move, but after his reign Constantine's arrangement was restored, Maiuma eventually becoming the seat of an independent bishop[19] (please mind that the first bishops of Gaza, not Maiuma, also resided at Maiuma).[19] An incomplete list of bishops of Maiuma includes:

  • Zeno, a monk who became the first known bishop of Maiuma, between the late 4th and the early 5th century[19] (Trombley offers 395-400[20]).
  • Paulianus or Paulinianus, participant in the First Council of Ephesus of 431[19]
  • Paul, nephew of Juvenal, archbishop of Jerusalem, attendee at the Second Council of Ephesus of 449[19]
  • Peter the Iberian (c. 417-491), was a Monophysite, had lived for several years at the monastery between Maiuma and Gaza, being dedicated to monastic life, but in 452, during the anti-Chalcedonian revolt in Palestine, the Christians of Maiuma had him ordained bishop by force.[19][24] He remained nominally bishop for the rest of his life, he however only stayed in Maiuma until 453, when he was expelled from the city.[19][24]
  • John Rufus, possibly Peter's successor and fellow Monophysite;[19] according to his own claim in the title of his work, the Plerophoriae, but there is no other source to support it.[24] He may have been consecrated bishop of Maiuma by the anti-Chalcedonians after the death of Peter the Iberian in 491.[24]
  • Procopius, chronologically the last known bishop of Maiuma, has participated in the Synod of Jerusalem of 581[19][dubious – discuss]

According to other sources, there is another bishop of Maiuma we know of:

Remains of Maiuma

Main article: Port of Gaza

Maiuma is identified with al-Mina, about 4 kilometers from Gaza towards the sea. Remarkable archaeological findings from the site include the mosaic floor of the Gaza synagogue representing King David with a lyre, dated to the early 6th century AD and discovered in the mid-1960s. The city appears to have been fortified, but the enclosure wall still seems hard to trace.[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Saliou, Catherine (2012). "Gaza (Hellenistic to Late Antiquity): Abstract". In Roger S. Bagnall (ed.). Gaza (Hellenistic to Late Antiquity). The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah12091. ISBN 9781405179355. Retrieved 9 January 2024. During antiquity, Gaza was prosperous. Located at the point of arrival of caravans from the Arabian Peninsula and Arabian Gulf and connected with the Mediterranean Sea by two ports, Anthedon and Maiuma, the city was an important commercial center, which played a particularly significant role in the incense trade.
  2. ^ a b Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon, eds. (2001). "Maiumas (a)". Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York and London: Continuum. pp. 308–309. ISBN 0-8264-1316-1.
  3. ^ "From Philotas to Zenon (258) [Payrus No. 59804]". Zenon Papyri (PDF). Vol. V. Translated by Campbell Cowan Edgar. Cairo. 1940. p. 4. Retrieved 17 May 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Also online here at attalus.org.
  4. ^ E. g. Strabo, Geography, 16. 2. 21
  5. ^ a b Patai, Raphael (1999). The Children of Noah: Jewish Seafaring in Ancient Times (reprint, revised ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691009686. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  6. ^ Cart. Mad. 114
  7. ^ Hecht Museum Archived 2018-11-20 at the Wayback Machine The Nabateans in the Negev Curator: Renate Rosenthal-Haginbottom
  8. ^ Israeli MFA
  9. ^ Hanan Eshel (2008), The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Hasmonean State, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 0-8028-6285-3, pp 117-133
  10. ^ "Gaza - (Gaza, al -'Azzah)". Studium Biblicum Franciscanum - Jerusalem. 2000-12-19. Archived from the original on 2012-07-28. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
  11. ^ a b c Lenski, Noel (2016). Constantine and the Cities Imperial Authority and Civic Politics. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 132–133. ISBN 9780812292237. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  12. ^ Eusebius, Life of Constantine, 4. 37; Sozomenus, Ecclesiastical History, 5. 3
  13. ^ Sivan, Hagith (2008-02-14). Palestine in Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. pp. 29–30. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199284177.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-928417-7.
  14. ^ a b Benayche, Nicole (2004). "Pagan Festivals in Fourth-Century Gaza: No Mayouma in Gaza". In Brouria Bitton Ashkelony; Arieh Kofsky (eds.). Christian Gaza In Late Antiquity. Jerusalem Studies in Religion and Culture (Vol. 3). BRILL. pp. 14–19. ISBN 9004138684. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  15. ^ Sozomenus, Ecclesiastical History, 5. 3; 7. 28
  16. ^ Gerald Butt (1995) Life at the crossroads: a history of Gaza Published by Rimal Publications, ISBN 1-900269-03-1 p 9
  17. ^ Glen Warren Bowersock, Peter Robert Lamont Brown, Oleg Grabar (1999) Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-51173-5 p. 553
  18. ^ Marcus Diaconus, Life of St. Porphyrius, p. 49, 5. 11 ff
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Discussion: Ascalon, Gaza, Negev and Sinai. 124. Maiumas, which is also Neapolis - (al-Minah)". Madaba Map Centenary page at the Franciscan Christus Rex webpage. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2024. Homepage with index: here.
  20. ^ a b Trombley, Frank R. (2014). Hellenic Religion and Christianization c. 370-529. Vol. I. BRILL. pp. 274–275. ISBN 978-90-04-27677-2. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  21. ^ Antoninus Placentinus 33; Cart. Mad. 125
  22. ^ Horn, Cornelia B. (2006). Asceticism and Christological Controversy in Fifth-Century Palestine. Oxford University Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-19-927753-7.
  23. ^ Kofsky, Arieh; Bitton-Ashkelony, Bruria (2004). Christian Gaza in Late Antiquity. Brill. pp. 75–76. ISBN 9789004138681. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  24. ^ a b c d Steppa, Jan-Eric (2004). "Heresy and orthodoxy: the anti-Chalcedonian hagiography of John Rufus". In Bitton-Ashkelony, Brouria; Kofsky, Arieh (eds.). Christian Gaza in Late Antiquity. Jerusalem Studies in Religion and Culture, volume 3. BRILL. p. 92. ISBN 9789004138681. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  25. ^ Wellesz, E. (1967). "Byzantine Music and Liturgy". In J.M. Hussey; D.M. Nicol; G. Cowan (eds.). The Cambridge Medieval History: The Byzantine Empire, Part II. Vol. IV. Cambridge University Press. p. 149.

Sources