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Ma'munid dynasty
Ma'munid dynasty
995–1017
Capital	Gurganj
Common languages	Khwarezmian
Religion	Sunni Islam
Government	Monarchy
Khwarazmshah
• 995-997	Ma'mun I ibn Muhammad (first)
• 1017	Abu'l-Harith Muhammad (last)
Historical era	Middle Ages
• Established	995
• Ghaznavid conquest of Khwarezm	1017
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Afrighids
Ghaznavids

The Maʾmunids (Persian: مأمونیان) were an independent dynasty of Iranian rulers^[1] in Khwarazm.^[2] Their reign was short-lived (995–1017), and they were in turn replaced by the expansionist Ghaznavids.

History

The ancient Iranian kingdom of Khwarazm had been ruled until 995 by the old established line of Afrighids of Kath.^[2] Khwarazm, or the classical Chorasmia, was the well irrigated and rich agricultural region of lower Oxus. Surrounded on all sides by steppe land and desert, it was geographically isolated from other areas of civilization. This isolation allowed it to maintain a separate distinctive Iranian language and culture.^[2]

Under the Ma'munids, their capital of Gurganj became a centre of learning, attracting many prominent figures, such as the philosophers Avicenna and Abu Sahl al-Masihi, the mathematician Abu Nasr Mansur, the physician Ibn al-Khammar, and the philologist al-Tha'alibi. The Ma'munids also embellished their capital with buildings such as a minaret which still survives till this day, and has an inscription crediting Ma'mun II (r. 1009–1017) its founder. However, the Ma'munids soon fell into conflict with the Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud (r. 999–1030), who sought to pressurize his Qarakhanid enemies by extending his rule into Khwarazm. In 1014, Mahmud demanded that Ma'mun II should add his name in the khutba (Friday sermon) in Khwarazm, thus acknowledging his suzerainty. Unable to gain military assistance or appease Mahmud through other means, Ma'mun II was forced to accept his demands, much to the dislike of the Khwarazmian nobles and military officers.^[3]^[1]

This eventually resulted in a patriotic revolt, led by the commander-in-chief Alptigin, which led to the murder of Ma'mun II and accession of his nephew Abu'l-Harith Muhammad in March 1017. Ma'mun II was the brother-in-law of Mahmud, which afforded the latter a pretext to invade Khwarazm. The Ghaznavid army defeated the local Khwarazmian forces at Hazarasp, brutalized the population of Gurganj, and captured many Khwarazmians, who were taken to the capital of Ghazni as slaves. Abu'l-Harith Muhammad was deposed and imprisoned, while Khwarazm was incorporated into the Ghaznavid realm, thus marking the end of the Ma'munid dynasty, the last ethnically Iranian line of Khwarazmshahs.^[3]^[1]

Ma'munid shahs

Ma'mun I ibn Muhammad, 995–997
Abu al-Hasan Ali, son of Ma'mun I, 997–1008/9
Ma'mun II, son of Ma'mun I, 1008–09
Abu'l-Harith Muhammad, son of Abu al-Hasan Ali, 1017

Family tree

Muhammad

Ma'mun I
?-997
Shah of Khwarazm
R.995-997

Abu al-Hasan Ali
?-1009
Shah of Khwarazm
R.997-1009

Ma'mun II
?-1017
Shah of Khwarazm
R.1009-1017

Abu'l-Harith Muhammad
Shah of Khwarazm
R.1017

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Bosworth 1984b, pp. 762–764.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bosworth 1996.
^ ^a ^b Bosworth 1978, p. 1066.

Sources

Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–202. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1978). "K̲h̲wārazm-S̲h̲āhs". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. OCLC 758278456.
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1984a). "Āl-e Afrīḡ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7. pp. 743–745.
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1984b). "Āl-e Maʾmūn". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7. pp. 762–764.
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1989). "Altuntaš". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. III: Ātaš–Bayhaqī, Ẓahīr-al-Dīn. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 915. ISBN 978-0-71009-121-5.
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. New York City: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10714-5.