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Luolishaniidae; Temporal range: Stage 2–Tremadocian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Collinsovermis (1), Luolishania (=Miraluolishania, 2), Ovatiovermis (3) and Facivermis (4)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
(unranked):	Panarthropoda
Phylum:	†"Lobopodia"
Clade:	†Hallucishaniids
Family:	†Luolishaniidae
Genera
	Acinocricus; Collinsium; Collinsovermis; Entothyreos; Facivermis; Luolishania (=Miraluolishania); Ovatiovermis;

The Luolishaniidae^[5] or Luolishaniida^{[Note 1]} are a group of Cambrian and Ordovician^[6] lobopodians with anterior 5 or 6 pairs of setiferous lobopods.^[1]^[3]^[2] Most luolishaniids also have posterior lobopods each with a hooked claws, and thorn-shaped sclerites arranged as three or more per trunk segment.^[4]^[1]^[2] The type genus is based on Luolishania longicruris Hou and Chen, 1989, from the Chengjiang Lagerstatte, South China.^[5] They are presumed to have been benthic suspension or filter feeders.^[4]^[1]^[3]^[2]

New specimens of the previously enigmatic Facivermis show that it was a sessile tube-dweller, and part of this group.^[3]

A 2023 analysis concluded, on the basis of numerous morphological similarities, that luolishaniids might be the closest known relatives of tardigrades.^[7]

Notes

^ Caron & Aria (2020) elevated this group to the rank of order Luolishaniida, while also naming new family Collinsovermidae within that order, containing the genera Acinocricus, Collinsium and Collinsovermis.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Yang, Jie; Ortega-Hernández, Javier; Gerber, Sylvain; Butterfield, Nicholas J.; Hou, Jin-bo; Lan, Tian; Zhang, Xi-guang (2015-07-14). "A superarmored lobopodian from the Cambrian of China and early disparity in the evolution of Onychophora". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (28): 8678–8683. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.8678Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.1505596112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4507230. PMID 26124122.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Jean-Bernard Caron; Cédric Aria (2020). "The Collins' monster, a spinous suspension-feeding lobopodian from the Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia". Palaeontology. 63 (6): 979–994. Bibcode:2020Palgy..63..979C. doi:10.1111/pala.12499. S2CID 225593728.; Jean-Bernard Caron; Cédric Aria (2020). "Corrigendum: The Collins' monster, a spinous suspension-feeding lobopodian from the Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia". Palaeontology. 63 (6): 995–996. Bibcode:2020Palgy..63..995C. doi:10.1111/pala.12509.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Howard, Richard J.; Hou, Xianguang; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Salge, Tobias; Shi, Xiaomei; Ma, Xiaoya (February 2020). "A Tube-Dwelling Early Cambrian Lobopodian". Current Biology. 30 (8): 1529–1536.e2. Bibcode:2020CBio...30E1529H. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.075. PMID 32109391.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ma, Xiaoya; Hou, Xianguang; Bergström, Jan (2009-07-01). "Morphology of Luolishania longicruris (Lower Cambrian, Chengjiang Lagerstätte, SW China) and the phylogenetic relationships within lobopodians". Arthropod Structure & Development. 38 (4): 271–291. Bibcode:2009ArtSD..38..271M. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2009.03.001. ISSN 1467-8039. PMID 19293001.
^ ^a ^b Hou, X.; Bergström, J. A. N. (1995). "Cambrian lobopodians-ancestors of extant onychophorans?". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 114: 3–19. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00110.x.
^ Ou, Qiang; Mayer, Georg (2018-09-20). "A Cambrian unarmoured lobopodian, †Lenisambulatrix humboldti gen. et sp. nov., compared with new material of †Diania cactiformis". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 13667. Bibcode:2018NatSR...813667O. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31499-y. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6147921. PMID 30237414.
^ Kihm, Ji-Hoon; Smith, Frank W.; Kim, Sanghee; Rho, Hyun Soo; Zhang, Xingliang; Liu, Jianni; Park, Tae-Yoon S. (2023). "Cambrian lobopodians shed light on the origin of the tardigrade body plan". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 120 (28): e2211251120. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12011251K. doi:10.1073/pnas.2211251120. PMC 10334802. PMID 37399417.

[6] Caron & Aria (2020) elevated this group to the rank of order Luolishaniida, while also naming new family Collinsovermidae within that order, containing the genera Acinocricus, Collinsium and Collinsovermis.^[2]

[:0-1] Yang, Jie; Ortega-Hernández, Javier; Gerber, Sylvain; Butterfield, Nicholas J.; Hou, Jin-bo; Lan, Tian; Zhang, Xi-guang (2015-07-14). "A superarmored lobopodian from the Cambrian of China and early disparity in the evolution of Onychophora". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (28): 8678–8683. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.8678Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.1505596112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4507230. PMID 26124122.

[Collinsovermis2020-2] Jean-Bernard Caron; Cédric Aria (2020). "The Collins' monster, a spinous suspension-feeding lobopodian from the Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia". Palaeontology. 63 (6): 979–994. Bibcode:2020Palgy..63..979C. doi:10.1111/pala.12499. S2CID 225593728.; Jean-Bernard Caron; Cédric Aria (2020). "Corrigendum: The Collins' monster, a spinous suspension-feeding lobopodian from the Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia". Palaeontology. 63 (6): 995–996. Bibcode:2020Palgy..63..995C. doi:10.1111/pala.12509.

[Facivermis2020-3] Howard, Richard J.; Hou, Xianguang; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Salge, Tobias; Shi, Xiaomei; Ma, Xiaoya (February 2020). "A Tube-Dwelling Early Cambrian Lobopodian". Current Biology. 30 (8): 1529–1536.e2. Bibcode:2020CBio...30E1529H. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.075. PMID 32109391.

[:1-4] Ma, Xiaoya; Hou, Xianguang; Bergström, Jan (2009-07-01). "Morphology of Luolishania longicruris (Lower Cambrian, Chengjiang Lagerstätte, SW China) and the phylogenetic relationships within lobopodians". Arthropod Structure & Development. 38 (4): 271–291. Bibcode:2009ArtSD..38..271M. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2009.03.001. ISSN 1467-8039. PMID 19293001.

[Hou1995-5] Hou, X.; Bergström, J. A. N. (1995). "Cambrian lobopodians-ancestors of extant onychophorans?". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 114: 3–19. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00110.x.

[7] Ou, Qiang; Mayer, Georg (2018-09-20). "A Cambrian unarmoured lobopodian, †Lenisambulatrix humboldti gen. et sp. nov., compared with new material of †Diania cactiformis". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 13667. Bibcode:2018NatSR...813667O. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31499-y. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6147921. PMID 30237414.

[Kihm2023-8] Kihm, Ji-Hoon; Smith, Frank W.; Kim, Sanghee; Rho, Hyun Soo; Zhang, Xingliang; Liu, Jianni; Park, Tae-Yoon S. (2023). "Cambrian lobopodians shed light on the origin of the tardigrade body plan". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 120 (28): e2211251120. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12011251K. doi:10.1073/pnas.2211251120. PMC 10334802. PMID 37399417.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[Note 1]

[6]

[7]

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Luolishaniidae

Notes

References

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