Luke 16

Luke 16
The Latin text of Luke 14:30–19:7 in Codex Gigas (13th century).
BookGospel of Luke
CategoryGospel
Christian Bible partNew Testament
Order in the Christian part3

Luke 16 is the sixteenth chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the teachings and parables of Jesus Christ, including the account of the "rich man and Lazarus".[1] There is an "overriding concern with riches" in this chapter, although other topics are also covered.[2] The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke the Evangelist composed this Gospel as well as the Acts of the Apostles.[3]

Text

The original text was written in Koine Greek. Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:

This chapter is divided into 31 verses.

Parable of the unjust steward

Jan Luyken etching of the parable of the unjust steward, Bowyer Bible.
Main article: Parable of the Unjust Steward

This parable of Jesus appears in Luke, but not in the other canonical gospels of the New Testament. Verses 1 to 8a tell a story about a steward who is about to be dismissed, but "curries favor" with his master's debtors by remitting some of their debts. The New International Version calls this story "the parable of the shrewd manager",[4] reflecting the wording of verse 8a where "the master commended the dishonest manager because he had acted shrewdly".[5] According to Eric Franklin, this parable is "noteworthy for its obscurity".[2]

The "certain rich man", who was about to dismiss his steward, is not identified. Friedrich Schleiermacher linked him with the Romans, and Christian Grossmann refers to a Roman emperor who dismissed a provincial governor. Heinrich Meyer also refers to a "usual explanation" that the rich man is God, but he is critical of all three of these interpretations.[6]

Verse 8b

For the people of this world are more shrewd in dealing with their own kind than are the people of the light.[5]

This part-verse and the succeeding verses may be treated as part of the parable or as separate additions: translators and commentators vary in their assessment of where the parable ends,[2] for example the New American Bible Revised Edition clearly begins its "application of the parable" at this point.[7]

Verse 9

"And I say to you, make friends for yourselves by unrighteous mammon, that when you fail, they may receive you into an everlasting home."[8]

"Unrighteous mammon" (Greek: του μαμωνα της αδικιας, tou mamōna tēs adikias) refers to wealth, or "money" in paraphrases such as that of J. B. Phillips,[9] although the debts which had been written down in verses 6 and 7 had been expressed as debts payable in measures of oil and wheat.[10]

Verse 14

Now the Pharisees, who were lovers of money, also heard all these things, and they derided Him.[11]

The parable and the subsequent guidance were both directed to the disciples (see verse 1) but were also heard by the Pharisees. Johann Bengel suggests that along with their "covetous" nature, "they fancied themselves to be accomplished in (furnished with) such prudence as to be able admirably to combine the service of God and that of mammon", whereas the teaching of Jesus required "singleness of heart", a quality they also despised.[12]

Verse 16

The law and the prophets [were] until John.[13]

There is no verb in the original Greek: the word were is generally added to make sense of the sentence.[14] The ISV says they were fulfilled with John.[15] The NIV says they were proclaimed until John.[16] Matthew's text says:

All the prophets and the law prophesied (ἐπροφήτευσαν, eprophēteusan) until John.[17]

Account of the Rich Man and Lazarus

Lazarus and Dives, illumination from the Codex Aureus of Echternach
Top panel: Lazarus at the rich man's door
Middle panel: Lazarus' soul is carried to Paradise by two angels; Lazarus in Abraham's bosom
Bottom panel: Dives' soul is carried off by two devils to Hell; Dives is tortured in Hades
Main article: Rich man and Lazarus

The account of the rich man and Lazarus (also called the Dives and Lazarus or Lazarus and Dives) is a well-known teachings along with the parables of Jesus appearing in the Gospel of Luke. It tells of the relationship, in life and in death, between an unnamed rich man and a poor beggar named Lazarus. The traditional name, Dives, is not actually a name, but instead a word for "rich man",[18] dives, in the text of the Latin Bible, the Vulgate.[19] The rich man was also given the names Neuēs (i.e. Nineveh)[20] and Fineas (i.e. Phineas)[21] in the 3rd and 4th centuries.[18]

Along with the parables of the Ten Virgins, Prodigal Son, and Good Samaritan, it was one of the most frequently illustrated teachings in medieval art,[22] perhaps because of its vivid account of an afterlife. Despite being labeled as a parable by some, there is no introduction in the Bible to certify that it was just a parable; some Bible teachers infer this to mean that Jesus was telling the disciples a true story.[23]

The name Lazarus, from the Hebrew: אלעזר, Elʿāzār, Eleazar - "God is my help",[24] also belongs to the more famous biblical character Lazarus of Bethany, known as "Lazarus of the Four Days",[25] who is the subject of a prominent miracle attributed to Jesus in the Gospel of John, in which Jesus resurrects him four days after his death.[26]

See also

References

  1. ^ Halley, Henry H. Halley's Bible Handbook: an Abbreviated Bible Commentary. 23rd edition. Zondervan Publishing House. 1962.
  2. ^ a b c Franklin, E., 58. Luke in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary, p. 948
  3. ^ Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.
  4. ^ NIV subheading at Luke 16:1, accessed 30 June 2018
  5. ^ a b Luke 16:8: NIV
  6. ^ Meyer, H. A. W. (1880), Meyer's NT Commentary on Luke 16, translated from the sixth German edition, accessed 30 September 2023
  7. ^ Sub-heading at Luke 16:8 after the words "the master commended that dishonest steward for acting prudently".
  8. ^ Luke 16:9: NKJV
  9. ^ Luke 16:1–9: J. B. Phillips' New Testament in Modern English, 1960, 1972
  10. ^ Luke 16:6–7: NKJV
  11. ^ Luke 16:14: NKJV
  12. ^ Bengel, J. A. (1742), Bengel's Gnomon of the New Testament on Luke 16, accessed 2 October 2023
  13. ^ Luke 16:16: NKJV
  14. ^ Palmer, D. R., The Gospel of Luke: a Translation From the Greek, February 2018 edition, accessed 1 July 2018
  15. ^ Luke 16:16: ISV
  16. ^ Luke 16:16: NIV
  17. ^ Matthew 11:13: NKJV
  18. ^ a b Hultgren, Arland J (2002-01-01). The Parables of Jesus: A Commentary. pp. 110–118. ISBN 978-0-8028-6077-4.
  19. ^ "Luke, chapter 16 verse 19". The Bible - Latin Vulgate. The Vatican. Retrieved 16 July 2013. homo quidam erat dives et induebatur purpura et bysso et epulabatur cotidie splendide
  20. ^ Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (1995-03-01). The Gospel According to Luke (I-IX). p. 1110. ISBN 978-0-385-52247-2.
  21. ^ Fitzmyer IX, Ad populum I (CSEL 18.91), spelled Finees; and in Ps.-Cyprian, De pascha computus 17 (CSEL 3/3.265), spelled Finaeus
  22. ^ Mâle, Émile (1961). The Gothic Image: Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century. p. 195. ISBN 9780006306016.
  23. ^ "Is Luke 16:19-31 a parable or an account of events that actually occurred?". GotQuestions.org.
  24. ^ Barclay, William (1999-02-01). The Parables of Jesus. pp. 92–98. ISBN 978-0-664-25828-3.
  25. ^ Gavrilova, L. V., From the History of Artistic Interpretations of the Biblical Story about the Lazarus Resurrection, Journal of Siberian Federal University, Humanities & Social Sciences 1 (2014 7) 20-29, accessed 2 July 2018
  26. ^ Losch, Richard R (2008). All the People in the Bible: An A-z Guide to the Saints, Scoundrels, and Other Characters in Scripture. pp. 255–256. ISBN 978-0-8028-2454-7.
Preceded by
Luke 15 		Chapters of the Bible
Gospel of Luke 		Succeeded by
Luke 17