Born in Garrettsville, Ohio, Garfield first met her husband at Geauga Seminary. After a long courtship, they married in 1858. Their early years were difficult, as James was often away and became romantically involved with other women. They would eventually have seven children together, five of whom lived to adulthood. Highly educated and knowledgeable of Washington politics, Garfield was a regular adviser for her husband, and she assisted him in his front porch campaign for the presidency. She was well regarded during her brief period in the White House, but after only a few months contracted malaria and went to Long Branch, New Jersey, to recuperate.
On July 2 1881, her husband was shot and mortally wounded by Charles Guiteau. He remained on his deathbed for months, during which time his wife stayed at his bedside and received much public sympathy. Garfield returned to her former residence in Ohio after being widowed, and she spent much of the rest of her life preserving her husband's papers and other materials, establishing what was effectively the first presidential library.
Early life
Lucretia "Crete" Rudolph was born in Garrettsville, Ohio, on April 19, 1832. She was the daughter of carpenter Zebulon Rudolph and Arabella Mason Rudolph, the first of four children.[1]: 134 She was raised as a member of the Disciples of Christ.[2]: 155 Rudolph was often in poor health as a child, suffering from respiratory issues.[3]: 231 Spending long periods of time bedridden as a child, she developed a love for reading.[1]: 134 [3]: 231 Her family was reserved, with very few outward shows of affection.[4]: 255
Rudolph learned household skills from her mother, such as cleaning and cooking, as was common for girls at the time. Her parents also decided to have her receive a formal education, which was less common, and she attended the town's grammar school.[4]: 255 She then attended the Geauga Seminary in Chester Township, Ohio, at same time as James A. Garfield. Her father co-founded the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (now Hiram College), and she began attending the school in 1850.[1]: 134 Here she pursued her interest in literature, starting a literary group and contributing to a school magazine. James attended the school as well, and he also took on a teaching position, becoming one of Randolph's teachers.[4]: 256 Rudolph expressed beliefs that women were capable of their own achievements in society and that they should receive equal pay in employment, though she abandoned these beliefs after leaving college.[2]: 156 [3]: 232
Rudolph and Garfield began a personal correspondence in November 1853, and they agreed to marry in early 1854. They began a courtship by letter when Garfield moved away to attend Williams College.[1]: 134 Garfield first noticed her for her intelligence,[5]: 98 though he discouraged her from overexerting herself in her studies.[1]: 134 Rudolph became a teacher, instructing classes in Cleveland and Ravenna, Ohio.[6] The strength of their relationship fluctuated over the following years, as Garfield lamented Rudolph's reserved demeanor.[2]: 156–157 At one point, Garfield began a relationship with another woman, Rebecca Selleck, while he attended Williams College.[4]: 256 Only after returning home and being allowed to read Rudolph's diary did Garfield realize the extent of her commitment.[3]: 233
Marriage and family
"Years of darkness"
James A. Garfield and Lucretia Rudolph during their engagement
Lucretia Rudolph and James Garfield married at Rudolph's home on November 11, 1858. Both had serious doubts about the wedding in the time leading up to their marriage, as they both felt that they had to marry because they were expected to do so,[1]: 134 and Rudolph was worried that she would lose any independence that she had obtained with a career.[5]: 99 They did not have a honeymoon after their marriage, instead moving straight into a boarding house.[3]: 233
Lucretia Garfield's life did not change significantly in the years after her marriage, during which she continued working as a teacher.[5]: 99 Her husband was rarely home, away as a preacher, as a state legislator, and then as an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. In these first five years, they spent no more than 20 weeks together,[1]: 134–135 [4]: 257 and James openly expressed regret and contempt for their marriage.[5]: 99 Garfield kept living her life independently, maintaining her own social life and traveling without her husband.[1]: 134 She was hurt by the lack of attention he showed her, particularly after the birth of their first child, Eliza, in 1860.[4]: 257 When James went to war in 1861, Lucretia returned to her parents' home.[1]: 135 They later described this period of their lives as their "years of darkness".[2]: 157
The Garfields did not develop a close relationship until James returned home from the Civil War, on leave after falling seriously ill with dysentery. They moved to a farmhouse in Howland Springs, Ohio, where he could recover.[3]: 233 This was the first home that they had to themselves,[1]: 135 and historians have described this period as a belated honeymoon.[3]: 233 [4]: 257 It was short lived, as he was called back to war the following month after he had recovered.[3]: 234 His return to the military marked an end to this improvement in their relationship, and they were again distant from one another. James pursued other women while away, again expressing interest in Selleck as well as Kate Chase.[2]: 158 Garfield had her second child, Harry, in 1863. Two months later, their firstborn died of diphtheria.[3]: 234 This sudden death strengthened their relationship further as they shared their grief.[1]: 135 [4]: 257
Congressional wife
The Garfield children
Shortly after their daughter's death, James moved to Washington, D.C., as he had been elected to the United States House of Representatives. Lucretia remained in Ohio, where she again felt lonely as her husband was away.[4]: 257–258 While James was away, he engaged in romantic intimacy with Lucia Calhoun, an editorial writer, and then confessed to his wife.[4]: 258 The extent of James's actions are unknown;[3]: 234 he traveled to New York on Lucretia's request to retrieve the compromising letters he sent and destroy them.[4]: 258 The Garfields determined that they had to fix their marriage, and their relationship began to improve.[2]: 158 [3]: 234 Garfield began visiting her husband in Washington in early 1864. She had two more children during this time: she had her third child, James, in 1865 while she stayed in Washington, and she had her fourth child Mary, in 1867.[1]: 135
The Garfields often traveled to New Jersey each summer,[4]: 258 and they took a vacation to Europe in 1867.[5]: 100 In 1869, the family decided to relocate to Washington permanently, and they built a home in the capital. It was the first home that they owned themselves, and it was the first time that Lucretia and James lived together for an extended period of time.[1]: 135 She had three more children while living here: Irvin in 1870, Abram in 1872, and Edward in 1874.[1]: 135–136 Also among their household were servants, governesses, and James's mother.[3]: 235 Their youngest son died in 1876. The same year, they purchased a farm in Ohio so they had a home of their own that they could live in each summer.[4]: 258 Garfield agreed with the belief that women should live domestic lives, though she also resented the idea.[1]: 136 She did not play a direct role in her husband's Congressional career, hosting and attending very few Washington social events.[5]: 100 Instead, she offered him advice,[3]: 236 and she visited the United States Capitol to watch him speak in Congress.[4]: 258
1880 presidential election
Garfield was dismayed when her husband was only raised as a compromise presidential candidate during the 1880 Republican National Convention; she wished that he would be nominated because he was the most popular choice.[3]: 236 [7]: 235–236 Over the following months, they held a front porch campaign in which countless voters visited the Garfield home to meet the candidate.[3]: 236–237 She only learned that he was successfully nominated when the first visitors arrived with the news.[7]: 234 Garfield became the first spouse of a presidential candidate to appear on a campaign poster, though she only allowed the one photo to be taken of her for the campaign.[7]: 235 James was elected president in the 1880 presidential election.[4]: 259
During the interim period in which James was president-elect, Lucretia became his closest adviser. When he was choosing members of his presidential cabinet, she insisted on the inclusion of James G. Blaine, whom she admired, while she rejected Thaddeus C. Pound because his wife had once been involved in a scandal.[3]: 237–238 She also urged her husband not to trust the Stalwart faction of his party, insisting that he "fight them dead".[2]: 160 [7]: 238 Her distrust of the Stalwarts came not only from Blaine's warnings about them, but also the fact that Stalwart leader Roscoe Conkling, like her husband, had been romantically involved with Kate Chase.[3]: 237 Leading up to the inauguration, Garfield traveled to New York under an alias to shop for a dress, and the Garfields arrived in Washington on March 1, 1881.[4]: 259
Garfield became first lady on March 4, 1881, after her husband was inaugurated as President of the United States.[4]: 259 Her hosting responsibilities as first lady went far beyond those that were expected of her when she was a Congressional wife, and she sought advice from Blaine's wife, Harriet.[1]: 137 [3]: 238 Her interest was in the opportunity to meet prominent writers and artists, and she entered the White House with a list of names she wished to invite.[7]: 238 Garfield paid more attention to political aspects of the role than the social aspects, and the president kept her updated on happenings in Washington that were not known to the public.[7]: 239 Though she believed in gender equality, she rejected the women's suffrage movement, feeling that women had yet to embrace education, which she believed was necessary before equality could be achieved.[7]: 240
Unlike her predecessor, Lucy Webb Hayes, Garfield did not have strong opinions about the temperance movement, and she resumed the serving of alcohol at White House events.[4]: 259 This was a decision of some political consequence, as the temperance movement was a predominantly Republican voting bloc, but the banning of alcohol displeased prominent Washington figures and foreign diplomats.[3]: 238–239 She dismissed the temperance advocates lobbying her to reinstate the ban, determining that alcohol in the White House was a small aspect of temperance receiving disproportionate attention.[7]: 238–239
As her tenure began, Garfield took on the responsibility of refurbishing the White House and lobbying Congress for funding to this end.[3]: 239 She took particular interest in White House history, and she often visited the Library of Congress to research the building.[7]: 240 Garfield participated in only one interview while she was first lady, in which she freely spoke about politics and her support for Blaine.[7]: 239
Assassination of James A. Garfield
A depiction of Garfield at her husband's deathbed
Only two months into her tenure as first lady, Garfield was afflicted with a life-threatening case of malaria.[4]: 259–260 The president suspended many of his duties so that he could personally tend to her.[3]: 240 [7]: 241 Her health began to return by June, and her husband rented a cottage in Long Branch, New Jersey, for her to live in while she recuperated.[2]: 160 [4]: 260 Charles J. Guiteau waited to intercept them with the intention of shooting the president, but the sight of Lucretia, still visibly ill, caused him to hesitate. Weeks later, on July 2, Guiteau shot the president.[2]: 160 [7]: 242 The shot was not immediately lethal, and James sent David G. Swaim to inform Lucretia.[1]: 137 [4]: 260 A train was arranged to take her directly to Washington so she could see her injured husband.[3]: 240
Over the following months, Lucretia stayed by James's bed as his injuries became infected and his health deteriorated. She insisted that her own personal physician, Susan Ann Edson, one of the country's first female physicians, was among those treating the president.[4]: 260 Garfield's anguish while sitting at her husband's deathbed earned her widespread sympathy and admiration from the public.[5]: 101 [7]: 243–244 The president died on September 19, 1881.[1]: 137
Later life and death
Garfield (center, seated) surrounded by her children and grandchildren, 1906
Garfield organized her husband's public funeral and the creation of his tomb in Lake View Cemetery.[3]: 241 She was financially secure as a widow. In addition to an annual $5,000 pension granted by Congress (equivalent to $157,862 in 2023), Cyrus W. Field saw to the creation of a donation drive for her and her children that accumulated a large sum of money.[a] Despite this wealth, she continued to live economically.[7]: 278
Over the following years, Garfield worked to preserve records of her husband's presidency and his legacy. She worked with historian Theodore Clarke Smith to organize her husband's papers and to document her own memories of the presidency.[1]: 137–138 In 1885, she oversaw the construction of a library on her Ohio property to house all of her husband's books and presidential documents. This came to be recognized as the first presidential library.[4]: 260–261
In her old age, Garfield found a winter home in Pasadena, California.[3]: 241 She became a prominent member of the community, and she attended the first Rose Parade.[7]: 303 When World War I began, she carried out volunteer work each day with the Pasadena Red Cross war committee.[7]: 362 When Theodore Roosevelt became president, Garfield became a supporter of his progressivism.[7]: 335 In 1916, she supported Democrat Woodrow Wilson for president.[7]: 362 Garfield died of pneumonia at her winter home in Pasadena, California, on March 19, 1918. She was buried with her husband in Lake View Cemetery.[1]: 138
Garfield had one of the shortest tenures of any first lady, second only to Anna Harrison.[3]: 241 Despite this short tenure, she has received more attention from historians than her predecessor, Lucy Hayes.[4]: 261 This short tenure precluded any direct influence that she may have had on the position,[3]: 241 but her practice of preserving her husband's documents in a library was adopted by other first ladies, such as Edith Wilson and Nancy Reagan.[4]: 261 Garfield's own papers are kept in the Library of Congress.[3]: 241 She was only the second of the first ladies to receive higher education.[4]: 256
Historical assessments
Since 1982 Siena College Research Institute has periodically conducted surveys asking historians to assess American first ladies according to a cumulative score on the independent criteria of their background, value to the country, intelligence, courage, accomplishments, integrity, leadership, being their own women, public image, and value to the president.[8] In terms of cumulative assessment, Garfield has been ranked:
^The sum has alternatively been reported as $300,000 (equivalent to $9,471,724 in 2023)[2]: 160 [7]: 244 or $360,000 (equivalent to $11,366,069 in 2023).[1]: 137 [3]: 241
.jpg)
