Lithium ion manganese oxide battery

A lithium ion manganese oxide battery (LMO) is a lithium-ion cell that uses manganese dioxide, MnO
2
, as the cathode material. They function through the same intercalation/de-intercalation mechanism as other commercialized secondary battery technologies, such as LiCoO
2
. Cathodes based on manganese-oxide components are earth-abundant, inexpensive, non-toxic, and provide better thermal stability.[1]

Compounds

Spinel LiMn
2
O
4

One of the more studied manganese oxide-based cathodes is LiMn
2
O
4
, a cation ordered member of the spinel structural family (space group Fd3m). In addition to containing inexpensive materials, the three-dimensional structure of LiMn
2
O
4
lends itself to high rate capability by providing a well connected framework for the insertion and de-insertion of Li+
ions during discharge and charge of the battery. In particular, the Li+
ions occupy the tetrahedral sites within the Mn
2
O
4
polyhedral frameworks adjacent to empty octahedral sites.[2][3] As a consequence of this structural arrangement, batteries based on LiMn
2
O
4
cathodes have demonstrated a higher rate-capability compared to materials with two-dimensional frameworks for Li+
diffusion.[4]

A significant disadvantage of cathodes based on LiMn
2
O
4
is the surface degradation observed when the average oxidation state of the manganese drops below Mn+3.5. At this concentration, the formally Mn(III) at the surface can disproportionate to form Mn(IV) and Mn(II) by the Hunter mechanism.[5] The Mn(II) formed is soluble in most electrolytes and its dissolution degrades the cathode. With this in mind many manganese cathodes are substituted or doped to keep the average manganese oxidation state above +3.5 during battery use or they will suffer from lower overall capacities as a function of cycle life and temperature.[6]

Layered Li
2
MnO
3

Li
2
MnO
3
is a lithium rich layered rocksalt structure that is made of alternating layers of lithium ions and lithium and manganese ions in a 1:2 ratio, similar to the layered structure of LiCoO
2
. In the nomenclature of layered compounds it can be written Li(Li0.33Mn0.67)O2.[7] Although Li
2
MnO
3
is electrochemically inactive, it can be charged to a high potential (4.5 V v.s Li0) in order to undergo lithiation/de-lithiation or delithiated using an acid leaching process followed by mild heat treatment.[8][9] However, extracting lithium from Li
2
MnO
3
at such a high potential can also be charge compensated by loss of oxygen from the electrode surface which leads to poor cycling stability.[10] New allotropes of Li
2
MnO
3
have been discovered which have better structural stability against oxygen release (longer cycle-life).[11]

Layered LiMnO
2

The layered manganese oxide LiMnO
2
is constructed from corrugated layers of manganese/oxide octahedra and is electrochemically unstable. The distortions and deviation from truly planar metal oxide layers are a manifestation of the electronic configuration of the Mn(III) Jahn-Teller ion.[12] A layered variant, isostructural with LiCoO2, was prepared in 1996 by ion exchange from the layered compound NaMnO2,[13] however long term cycling and the defect nature of the charged compound led to structural degradation and cation equilibration to other phases.

Layered Li
2
MnO
2

The layered manganese oxide Li
2
MnO
2
is structurally related to Li
2
MnO
3
and LiCoO2 with similar transition metal oxide layers separated by a layer containing two lithium cations occupying the available two tetrahedral sites in the lattice rather the one octahedral site. The material is typically made by low voltage lithiation of the parent compound, direct lithiation using liquid ammonia, or via use of an organic lithiating reagent.[14] Stability on cycling has been demonstrated in symmetric cells although due to Mn(II) formation and dissolution cycling degradation is expected. Stabilization of the structure using dopants and substitutions to decrease the amount of reduced manganese cations has been a successful route to extending the cycle life of these lithium rich reduced phases. These layered manganese oxide layers are so rich in lithium.

x Li
2
MnO
3
y Li
1+a
Mn
2-a
O
4
z LiMnO2 composites

One of the main research efforts in the field of lithium-manganese oxide electrodes for lithium-ion batteries involves developing composite electrodes using structurally integrated layered Li
2
MnO
3
, layered LiMnO2, and spinel LiMn
2
O
4
, with a chemical formula of x Li
2
MnO
3
y Li
1+a
Mn
2-a
O
4
z LiMnO2, where x+y+z=1. The combination of these structures provides increased structural stability during electrochemical cycling while achieving higher capacity and rate-capability. A rechargeable capacity in excess of 250 mAh/g was reported in 2005 using this material, which has nearly twice the capacity of current commercialized rechargeable batteries of the same dimensions.[15][16]

See also

References

  1. ^ Thackeray, Michael M. (1997-01-01). "Manganese oxides for lithium batteries". Progress in Solid State Chemistry. 25 (1): 1–71. doi:10.1016/S0079-6786(97)81003-5. ISSN 0079-6786.
  2. ^ Thackeray, M. M.; Johnson, P. J.; de Picciotto, L. A.; Bruce, P. G.; Goodenough, J. B. (1984-02-01). "Electrochemical extraction of lithium from LiMn2O4". Materials Research Bulletin. 19 (2): 179–187. doi:10.1016/0025-5408(84)90088-6. ISSN 0025-5408.
  3. ^ Thackeray, Michael M.; Shao‐Horn, Yang; Kahaian, Arthur J.; Kepler, Keith D.; Skinner, Eric; Vaughey, John T.; Hackney, Stephen A. (1998-07-01). "Structural Fatigue in Spinel Electrodes in High Voltage ( 4 V ) Li / Li x Mn2 O 4 Cells". Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters. 1 (1): 7. doi:10.1149/1.1390617. ISSN 1944-8775. S2CID 97239759.
  4. ^ Lanz, Martin; Kormann, Claudius; Steininger, Helmut; Heil, Günter; Haas, Otto; Novák, Petr (2000). "Large-Agglomerate-Size Lithium Manganese Oxide Spinel with High Rate Capability for Lithium-Ion Batteries". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 147 (11): 3997. Bibcode:2000JElS..147.3997L. doi:10.1149/1.1394009. ISSN 0013-4651.
  5. ^ Hunter, James C. (1981-09-01). "Preparation of a new crystal form of manganese dioxide: λ-MnO2". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 39 (2): 142–147. Bibcode:1981JSSCh..39..142H. doi:10.1016/0022-4596(81)90323-6. ISSN 0022-4596.
  6. ^ Du Pasquier, A.; Blyr, A.; Courjal, P.; Larcher, D.; Amatucci, G.; Gérand, B.; Tarascon, J‐M. (1999-02-01). "Mechanism for Limited 55°C Storage Performance of Li1.05Mn1.95 O 4 Electrodes". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 146 (2): 428–436. Bibcode:1999JElS..146..428D. doi:10.1149/1.1391625. ISSN 0013-4651.
  7. ^ Thackeray, Michael M.; Johnson, Christopher S.; Vaughey, John T.; Li, N.; Hackney, Stephen A. (2005-06-07). "Advances in manganese-oxide 'composite' electrodes for lithium-ion batteries". Journal of Materials Chemistry. 15 (23): 2257–2267. doi:10.1039/B417616M. ISSN 1364-5501.
  8. ^ Kalyani, P.; Chitra, S.; Mohan, T.; Gopukumar, S. (1999-07-01). "Lithium metal rechargeable cells using Li2MnO3 as the positive electrode". Journal of Power Sources. 80 (1): 103–106. Bibcode:1999JPS....80..103K. doi:10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00066-X. ISSN 0378-7753.
  9. ^ Lim, Jinsub; Moon, Jieh; Gim, Jihyeon; Kim, Sungjin; Kim, Kangkun; Song, Jinju; Kang, Jungwon; Im, Won Bin; Kim, Jaekook (2012-05-22). "Fully activated Li2MnO3 nanoparticles by oxidation reaction". Journal of Materials Chemistry. 22 (23): 11772–11777. doi:10.1039/C2JM30962A. ISSN 1364-5501.
  10. ^ Robertson, Alastair D.; Bruce, Peter G. (2003-05-01). "Mechanism of Electrochemical Activity in Li 2 MnO 3". Chemistry of Materials. 15 (10): 1984–1992. doi:10.1021/cm030047u. ISSN 0897-4756.
  11. ^ Wang, Shuo; Liu, Junyi; Sun, Qiang (2017-08-15). "New allotropes of Li2MnO3 as cathode materials with better cycling performance predicted in high pressure synthesis". Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 5 (32): 16936–16943. doi:10.1039/C7TA04941B. ISSN 2050-7496.
  12. ^ Koetschau, I.; Richard, M. N.; Dahn, J. R.; Soupart, J. B.; Rousche, J. C. (1995-09-01). "Orthorhombic LiMnO2 as a High Capacity Cathode for Li‐Ion Cells". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 142 (9): 2906–2910. Bibcode:1995JElS..142.2906K. doi:10.1149/1.2048663. ISSN 0013-4651.
  13. ^ Armstrong, A. Robert; Bruce, Peter G. (1996). "Synthesis of layered LiMnO2 as an electrode for rechargeable lithium batteries". Nature. 381 (6582): 499–500. Bibcode:1996Natur.381..499A. doi:10.1038/381499a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4330960.
  14. ^ Johnson, Christopher S.; Kim, Jeom-Soo; Jeremy Kropf, A.; Kahaian, Arthur J.; Vaughey, John T.; Thackeray, Michael M. (2002-06-01). "The role of Li2MO2 structures (M=metal ion) in the electrochemistry of (x)LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2·(1−x)Li2TiO3 electrodes for lithium-ion batteries". Electrochemistry Communications. 4 (6): 492–498. doi:10.1016/S1388-2481(02)00346-6. ISSN 1388-2481.
  15. ^ Johnson, C. S.; Li, N.; Vaughey, J. T.; Hackney, S. A.; Thackeray, M. M. (2005-05-01). "Lithium–manganese oxide electrodes with layered–spinel composite structures xLi2MnO3·(1−x)Li1+yMn2−yO4 (0". Electrochemistry Communications. 7 (5): 528–536. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2005.02.027. ISSN 1388-2481.
  16. ^ C. S. Johnson, J. T. Vaughey, M. M. Thackeray, T. E. Bofinger, and S. A. Hackney "Layered Lithium-Manganese Oxide Electrodes Derived from Rock-Salt LixMnyOz (x+y=z) Precursors" 194th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Boston, MA, Nov. 1–6, (1998)

Read other articles:

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2023. Kim Younghoon atau Younghoon (lahir 10 September 1997) adalah seorang penyanyi Korea Selatan. Ia menduduki posisi vokal utama dalam grup vokal laki-laki Korea Selatan Black Level. Lagu favoritnya adalah Fine yang dinyanyikan oleh Taeyeon dan Lay Me Do...

 

This article is about the hypothalamic structure. For the structure in the medulla oblongata, see Arcuate nucleus (medulla). Arcuate nucleusArcuate nucleus is 'AR', at bottom center, in green.DetailsPart ofHypothalamusIdentifiersLatinnucleus arcuatus hypothalamiMeSHD001111NeuroNames395NeuroLex IDbirnlex_1638TA98A14.1.08.923TA25726FMA62329Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy[edit on Wikidata] The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (also known as ARH,[1] ARC,[2] or infundibular...

 

Kolonel KKO (Purn.) Drs.Bambang Widjanarko Informasi pribadiLahir(1927-09-09)9 September 1927Karanganyar, Kebumen, Hindia BelandaMeninggal18 November 1996(1996-11-18) (umur 69)Jakarta, IndonesiaKebangsaanIndonesiaAnakIngrid WidjanarkoProfesiTentaraKarier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan LautPangkat Kolonel KKONRP582/PSatuanKKOSunting kotak info • L • B Kolonel KKO (Purn.) Drs. Geraldus Bambang Setijono Widjanarko (9 September 1927 – 18 No...

Club focused on the use of a particular technology User group redirects here. For the Wikipedia policy, see Wikipedia:User groups. For internet forum user groups, see Message board § User groups. A hackers' talk at Chaos Constructions 2019 A users' group (also user's group or user group) is a type of club focused on the use of a particular technology, usually (but not always) computer-related. Overview Users' groups started in the early days of mainframe computers, as a way to share som...

 

The Best IntentionsPoster bioskopSutradaraBille AugustProduserIngrid DahlbergDitulis olehIngmar BergmanPemeran Samuel Fröler Pernilla August Max von Sydow Ghita Nørby SinematograferJörgen PerssonDistributorThe Samuel Goldwyn Company (AS)Artificial Eye (Britania)Tanggal rilis Mei 1992 (1992-05) (Cannes) 2 Oktober 1992 (1992-10-02) (Swedia) Durasi323 menit (televisi)174 menit (teater)NegaraSwediaBahasaSwediaAnggarankr 67 juta[1] Untuk album We Are the In Crowd tahun...

 

Royal College of MusicNama sebelumnyaNational Training School for MusicJenisPublikDidirikan1882Dana abadi£28.8 juta[1]KetuaRobert WinstonPresidenRaja WalesDirekturColin LawsonJumlah mahasiswa890 (2019/20)[2]Sarjana440 (2019/20)[2]Magister450 (2019/20)[2]LokasiSouth Kensington, London, Britania Raya51°29′59″N 0°10′37″W / 51.49972°N 0.17694°W / 51.49972; -0.17694Koordinat: 51°29′59″N 0°10′37″W / 51.49...

Volleyball at the 2006 Asian GamesVenueAl-Rayyan Indoor HallDates26 November – 14 DecemberCompetitors332 from 21 nations← 20022010 → Indoor volleyball was contested at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar. All matches played at the Al-Rayyan Indoor Hall. Schedule Q Qualification P Preliminary round ¼ Quarterfinals ½ Semifinals F Finals Event↓/Date → 26thSun 27thMon 28thTue 29thWed 30thThu 1stFri 2ndSat 3rdSun 4thMon 5thTue 6thWed 7thThu 8thFri...

 

Pour les articles homonymes, voir BEA. Bras élévateur aérien Camion élévateur des pompiers de Hambourg. Appelé aussi Élévateur ; Auto-élévateur Utilisation Utilisation - Accès et travail en hauteur ou en profondeur-Sauvetages et évacuation de personnes dans des IGH- Acheminer des personnels et du matériel.- Arrosage par l'extérieur. modifier  Le bras élévateur aérien (BEA) est un véhicule des sapeurs-pompiers, dérivé des bras élévateurs civils, permettant nota...

 

CW TV station in Colorado Springs, Colorado KXTU-LDColorado Springs–Pueblo, ColoradoUnited StatesCityColorado Springs, ColoradoChannelsDigital: 20 (UHF)Virtual: 57BrandingSOCO CWProgrammingAffiliations57.1: The CWfor others, see § SubchannelsOwnershipOwnerNexstar Media Group(Nexstar Media Inc.)Sister stationsKXRM-TVHistoryFoundedMay 3, 1999First air dateNovember 5, 1999 (24 years ago) (1999-11-05)[1]Former call signsK61ER (CP, 1988–1991)K68BY (CP, 1999)K57HR (C...

American politician Herman EberharterMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom PennsylvaniaIn officeJanuary 3, 1937 – September 9, 1958Preceded byTheodore L. MoritzSucceeded byWilliam S. MoorheadConstituency32nd district (1937–1943)31st district (1943–1945)32nd district (1945–1953)28th district (1953–1958)Member of the Pennsylvania House of RepresentativesIn office1935–1936 Personal detailsBorn(1892-04-29)April 29, 1892Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaDiedSeptemb...

 

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento siti archeologici della Francia non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. primeStato Francia RegioneAlvernia-Rodano-Alpi Dipartimento Ardèche ArrondissementLargentière CantoneVallon-Pont-d'Arc ComuneVallon-Pont-d'Arc Altitudine185 m s.l.m. Lunghezza511 m Data scoperta1994 Coordinate44°23�...

 

2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会波兰代表團波兰国旗IOC編碼POLNOC波蘭奧林匹克委員會網站olimpijski.pl(英文)(波兰文)2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会(東京)2021年7月23日至8月8日(受2019冠状病毒病疫情影响推迟,但仍保留原定名称)運動員206參賽項目24个大项旗手开幕式:帕维尔·科热尼奥夫斯基(游泳)和马娅·沃什乔夫斯卡(自行车)[1]闭幕式:卡罗利娜·纳亚(皮划艇)&#...

Venezuelan baseball infielder (born 1996) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Torres and the second or maternal family name is Castro. Baseball player Gleyber TorresTorres with the New York Yankees in 2018New York Yankees – No. 25Second baseman / ShortstopBorn: (1996-12-13) December 13, 1996 (age 27)Caracas, VenezuelaBats: RightThrows: RightMLB debutApril 22, 2018, for the New York YankeesMLB statistics (through May 24, 2024)Batting average.264...

 

2024 Balochistan provincial election ← 2018 8 February 2024 Next → ← outgoing memberselected members →51 out of 65 seats in the Balochistan Assembly[a]33 seats needed for a majorityRegistered5,371,947Turnout42.87% (2.40%)[1]   First party Second party Third party   Leader Sarfraz Bugti Jaffar Khan Mandokhail Maulana Abdul Wasey Party PPP PML(N) JUI (F) Leader since 18 December 2023 3 February 2023 - Leader's seat...

 

1997 Indian filmPorkkaalamPosterDirected byCheranWritten byCheranProduced by M. Kaja Mydeen V. Gnanavelu V. Jayaprakash StarringMuraliMeenaSanghaviCinematographyPriyanEdited byK. ThanikachalamMusic byDevaProductioncompanyRoja CombinesRelease date 30 October 1997 (1997-10-30) CountryIndiaLanguageTamil Porkkaalam (transl. Golden Age) is a 1997 Indian Tamil-language drama film written and directed by Cheran. The film stars Murali, Meena and Sanghavi. It was released on 30 O...

Government policy allowing certain uses of land in different places This article is about the land-use planning practice. For other uses, see Zoning (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Building codes. The Zoning Scheme of the General Spatial Plan for the City of Skopje, North Macedonia. Different urban zoning areas are represented by different colours. In urban planning, zoning is a method in which a municipality or other tier of government divides land into zones, each of which has a s...

 

Martina PiazzaNazionalità Italia Calcio RuoloDifensore Squadra Venezia CarrieraGiovanili  Pordenone Squadre di club1 2010-2018 Pordenone106+ (4)+[1]2018-2022 San Marino85 (11)2022- Venezia20 (2) 1 I due numeri indicano le presenze e le reti segnate, per le sole partite di campionato.Il simbolo → indica un trasferimento in prestito. Statistiche aggiornate al 23 maggio 2023 Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Martina Piazza (20 marzo 1995) è u...

 

Reza RadmaneshMember of Parliament of IranIn office7 March 1944 – 12 March 1946ConstituencyLahijan Personal detailsBorn1905[1] or 1906[2]Lahijan, Sublime State of Persia[2]Died1983 (aged 77–78)[1]Leipzig, East GermanyNationalityIranianPolitical partyTudeh Party of IranOther politicalaffiliationsSocialist Party (1920s)RelativesMohammad Ali Mojtahedi (cousin)[3]Alma materUniversity of Paris[2] Reza Radmanesh (Persian: رضا ...

American anthropologist and primatologist Sarah HrdyBornSarah Blaffer (1946-07-11) July 11, 1946 (age 78)Dallas, Texas, U.S.NationalityAmericanAlma materRadcliffe College (BA)Harvard University (PhD)AwardsLifetime Career Award, Human Behavior and Evolution SocietyScientific careerFieldsAnthropology and primatologyInstitutionsUniversity of California, DavisDoctoral advisorIrven DeVore[1] Sarah Hrdy (née Blaffer; born July 11, 1946) is an American anthropologist and primatolo...

 

52e cérémonie des Golden Globes Golden Globes Organisée par la Hollywood Foreign Press Association Détails Date 21 janvier 1995 Lieu Los Angeles États-Unis Site web http://www.goldenglobes.org/ Résumé Meilleur film dramatique Forrest Gump Meilleur film musical ou de comédie Le Roi lion Meilleure série dramatique X-Files : Aux frontières du réel Meilleure série comique Dingue de toi Frasier Chronologie 51e cérémonie des Golden Globes 53e cérémonie des Golde...